RSJ Mr. Williams terms quizzes

Great Awakening

a widespread resurgence of religious fervor during the Enlightenment. Helped set a foundation for Revolution as people started questioning the authority of Old Light preachers.

mercantalism

a set of ideas about the world economy- sell more goods to countries than those countries bought from you. gave colonies a reliable market but meant they could only sell to Britain.

Declaration of Independence

document Congress issued on July 4, 1775, proclaiming the colonies as the United States of America and beginning the American Revolution. was issued after a long period of injustice from the British and anger of many colonists.

Constitution

document crafted at the Constitutional Convention creating a new representative system of government and splitting the federal government into three branches. followed the failures of the Articles of Confederation.

checks & balances

a system created in the Constitution in which each branch would monitor and limit the power of the other two in order to balance the power within the government.

Federal Naturalization Law of 1790

law that limited who could become a citizen of the US, idea of citizenship reserved for white people.

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments of the Constitution detailing the basic natural rights of American citizens.

amendments

changes made to the Constitution to keep it "up to date"

judicial review

power of the court to decide whether laws are constitutional and to strike down those that are not. used in the case of Marbury vs. Madison.

Missouri Compromise

a compromise balancing the free and slave states of the US and establishing the 36* 30' line above which slavery couldn't exist.

Trail of Tears

even though some Cherokee assimilated to American culture, the US government still ordered their removal to lands west of the Mississippi. this event proved that all Native people would still have a difficult time coexisting with Americans.

abolitionism

believed slavery was a moral wrong and therefore needed to end immediately. their constant voice helped to lead to a growing call to end slavery.

Fugitive Slave Law

was a part of the Compromise of 1850 and strengthened previous fugitive slave laws. it made it much easier for space owners to capture and return runaway slaves (or any black person) to slavery.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court decision which upheld the right of Southerners to not only own slaves but take them anywhere they choose. Slaves were property and therefore could be taken anywhere in the US.

Gettysburg Address

speech given by Abraham Lincoln to try to give meaning to the deaths in the Civil War. he called for a new birth of freedom. this helped lead later to the 13th amendment.

Emancipation Proclamation

part of Lincoln's Civil War strategy. this freed slaves in Confederate territory, but did NOT free slaves in any state which was allied with the North.

Sea Island Experiments

Set forth by field order #15. Declared that land owned by white southerners could be seized set aside for freed blacks. This was put into action on islands off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina. Later, this order was rescinded.

Freedman's Bureau

federal organization given the job of providing assistance (food, jobs, protection) to freed blacks (and needy whites) in the aftermath of the Civil War.

Ku Klux Klan

attacked African Americans and white Republicans in the South. their aim was to keep these groups from voting booths and thereby regain power for white democrats.

14th amendment

attempt to provide equal rights for African Americans after the Civil War. its early interpretation focused on business rights, and therefore didn't really help African Americans as it was intended.

US vs. Reese

said that attempts to keep blacks from the voting booths (literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clause) WERE legal because these methods didn't violate the 15th amendment.

sharecropping

arose after the Civil War as a way to keep former slaves as agricultural workers. workers worked the land, kept half of the crop and gave the rest to the owner of the land. they also borrowed money and supplies from the owner of land.

Compromise of 1877

agreement between the North and South that allowed Rutherford Hayes to ascend to the presidency. the most important part of the agreement was the decision the remove military troops from the south.

Jim Crow

series of laws whose purpose was to LEGALIZE the separation of the races. appeared after the Civil War as a way to retain white dominance.

"Birth of a Nation"

DW Griffith's film that solidified the stereotypes of African Americans as stupid, lazy, and lustful. shows the KKK as positive for the south and the nation.

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T Washington's speech (given to a white audience) which said that blacks should not expect social equality. What they should do is prove their worth, and then whites would treat them equally.

NAACP

created in 1909, its purpose was to fight for civil rights for African Americans by challenging segregation and other civil rights abuses in the courts

Social Darwinism

many Americans in the industrial age ( especially those in power) held this belief that taught "survival of the fittest for human beings". it was used to justify long hours, low pay, and bad conditions

Lewis Hine

a photographer who tackled the child labor problem by taking thousands of photographs which showed the stark realities of children working. his efforts later led to the keating-owen act

American Federation of Labor

one of the US's early labor unions. focused on basic issues facing workers- higher wages, safer working conditions, and shorter work days

Pullman Strike

conflict between workers and employers in Pullman, IL. workers wanted their wages to not be cut unless their rents were cut too. the US government sent in troops to restore order. showed that during the age of industrialism the government would side with businesses

exodusters

term given to African-Americans who fled the South and settled in the West- specifically Kansas. They did so to escape the racism of the post Civil War South. They claimed land under the terms of the Homestead Act.

reservations

land which the federal government set aside for Native Americans. One of the ways the government sought to "solve" the Indian problem

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land into private family plots. Similar to the Homestead Act, except that the government often sold off the best reservation land to whites.

Massacre at Wounded Knee

1890 shooting by the US army troops of a group of unarmed Sioux who were off reservation to do the Ghost Dance. Indians realized the Ghost Dance didn't work, and basically gave up hope.

Bonanza farms

large farms that appeared as smaller homesteaders failed (they sold the land and were paid to work it). Gave power to big farms

Buffalo Bill

Wild West show that solidified stereotypes of whites and Natives in the West. Progressive with gender roles (Annie Oakley & Calamidy Jane).

ethnic communities

the existence of these allow immigrants to have an easier time getting used to life in the US. They can slowly adjust to the US because ethnic communities have similar food, language, and cultural traditions of their home country.

Gentlemen's Agreement

similar to Chinese Exclusion Act, this, however, affected Japanese. It disallowed unskilled Japanese workers from emigrating to the US. In exchange, Japanese students in the US would not be segregated in school.

Angel Island

West Coast version of Ellis Island (in SF bay). The difference is that many immigrants were detained here until it was determined they were either legal immigrants or deported.

settlement houses

community center in an ethnic community meant to provide basic necessities for immigrant populations

yellow journalism

exaggerated or false newspaper coverage meant to increase newspaper circulation

Plessy v. Ferguson

court case which legalized segregation by creating the principal of separate but equal

Filipino War

1899-1903 undeclared conflict where the US tried to keep the newly acquired Philippine Islands from becoming independent. The US justified this by saying the Filipinos were inferior.

Roosevelt Corollary

extension of Monroe Doctrine that said that the US had the right to intervene in the affairs of unstable Western hemisphere nations. Our intervention would stabilize them and protect them from foreign influence.

Panama Canal

allowed US to have better access to colonies in both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In addition, it allowed for easier trade around the world and helped make the US a dominant world economic power.

Anti-Imperialist League

group of Americans who disagreed with US imperialism in the late 19th century. They thought it was impractical that a nation founded on freedom would take self gain from others.

Coal Strike of 1902

President Roosevelt actually sided with the workers. It was an example of the square deal; everyone should benefit from government.

John Muir

early preservationist who called for American land to be protected as national parks

Alice Paul

revitalized the women's suffrage movement by focusing more on direct action and NATIONAL change.

Buchanan v. Warley

Supreme Court decision which stated that segregation in residential areas was illegal.

Committee on Public Information

US government agency during WWI responsible for creating propaganda to get people totally committed to the war effort

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson's 14th point- a place for countries of the world to discuss their problems before engaging in war

Daylight Savings Time

created in WWI to save electricity

Palmer Raids

after successful communist revolution in Russia, many Americans feared communism coming to the US. They were the first example of anti-communist fears in the US

National Origins Act

created to limit immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. These were the areas "feebleminded" people came from, so we didn't want immigrants from these areas

ACLU

group created in the 1920s to protect the rights listed in the Bill of Rights. Initially created to protect freedom of speech

flapper

described a young woman in the 1920s who danced, drank, smoked and wore (at the time) provocative clothing. purpose was to take everything traditional to women and make it new

Rosewood

This town served as a vivid reminder of what happened when a black man was accused of raping a white woman. The entire town was destroyed by an enraged mob

Lost Generation

group of writers who focused on a post-WWI society that had lost its moral compass and instead focused on materialistic gain.

Harlem Renaissance

term used to describe the "cultural awakening" of African-Americans in the arts- literature, art, and music

Scopes Monkey Trial

court case in Tennessee that focused on the issue of teaching evolution in our schools

Marcus Garvey

African American leader from 1919 to 1926 who urged African Americans to return to their "motherland" of Africa; provided early inspiration for "black pride" movements

Buck v. Bell

Supreme Court case that said that sterilization of the mentally disabled was constitutional. "Three generations of imbeciles was enough" was the logic the court used.

Hooverville

shantytowns of the homeless during the Great Depression

Bonus Army

WW1 vets who wanted their "bonus" paid early to help offset poverty of the Depression. Organized "Army" of several hundred vets who camped in Washington DC. Hoover ordered them from protest camp- burned out. 1 old man and 1 baby died.

Eleanor Roosevelt

major advocate for the poor, minorities, and children during the Depression. She was one of the most beloved Americans during this difficult decade. Stood up for African-Americans' rights, women's rights, etc.

repatriation

forced deportation during the Great Depression of hundreds of Mexicans, many of whom were American citizens. Another example of scapegoating during difficult economic times.

Wagner Act

gave workers the right to selective bargaining and the right to create unions without employer interference

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

organization made up of black and white sharecroppers who fought for fair treatment from landowners in the South

WPA

organization during the Depression that created jobs that filled skill sets- actresses, writers, historians- hired to paint and put on plays. Created oral history from slaves

demagogue

leader who manipulates people through such means as half-truths and scare tactics, such as Hitler or Mussolini

Executive Order 8802

declared there would be no discrimination in government employment due to race, color, creed, or national origin. One of the first civil rights agencies was created to enforce this

Manhattan Project

the American program to build an atomic bomb, created in response to the fear that the Nazis were creating one

Rosie the Riveter

a symbol used during WW2 to encourage and celebrate women in the work force

Tuskegee Airmen

the first all-black Air Force division created during WWII. Originally kept out of the war, they eventually fought with distinction over the skies of Europe.

Henry Kaiser

industrialist who revolutionized shipping production techniques during WWII. Also created a health insurance group for his workers.

Zoot Suit Riots

uprisings that erupted in Los Angeles, California during WWII, between sailors and soldiers stationed in the city and Hispanic youths

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

stated that the First Amendment protected a person's right to not recite the Pledge of Allegiance or salute the American flag

Korematsu v. US

upheld the internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII. Internment had been authorized by Executive Order 9066. Matsui Endo sued at the same time saying she was an American citizen and was loyal.

Port Chicago

an explosion occurred here as military men were loading navy ships with weapons. Those killed were mostly African Americans. They refused to go back to work; highlights unequal conditions for black and white, and also that blacks were increasingly standing up for their rights and safety

HUAC

Congressional committee that began investigating the influence of Communism in the United States. They were especially famous for investigating Communist influence in Hollywood. Later helped lead to the rise of the era of McCarthy.

Executive Order 9981

executive order, created by Harry S. Truman; this established equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all races, religions, or national origins.

Interstate Highway Act

interstate highways created during the Eisenhower Administration; in part this was done to ensure that weapons could quickly and easily be transported around the US

brinkmanship

using the threat of nuclear war as a negotiating tool with other countries. "If you don't do _______, then we will use nuclear weapons."

The Affluent Society

book by John Kenneth Galbraith. He wrote about the tremendous gap in wealth created by post-WWII America. This book later led to Lyndon Johnson's "War on Poverty".

"I Love Lucy"

showed that television would be a popular medium. Incredibly popular show that also showed women in new roles.

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 that was meant to help soldiers returning from WWII. Provided for paid college. This would also help the US readjust to a peacetime economy.

Beat Generation

group highlighted by writers and artists who stressed spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity

Doll Test

experiment that definitively proved that "separate but equal" created an inferiority complex in African American children. The results of this experiment were shown to the Supreme Court and were key in their ruling Brown v. Board of Education

Great Society

President Lyndon Johnson's proposals to aid public education, provide medical care for the elderly, and eliminate poverty. His Great Society was his "war on poverty"

Cuban Missile Crisis

near-disaster in October 1962 that arose between the US and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to put nuclear weapons 90 miles off the coast of Florida

Peace Corps

federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations around the world. Another attempt to contain communism

Alliance for Progress

President Kennedy's proposal for financial aid to Latin American nations to help meet the basic needs of their people. Intended to stop communism from spreading to these areas. Basically, this was the Marshall Plan for South America

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

civil rights organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and other leaders. Focused on non-violent action to achieve its goals of ending discrimination.

SNCC

civil rights organization formed and run by college students. Most famous for using the sit-in strategy.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government, and in employment, thereby invalidating the Jim Crow laws in the southern US

Freedom Summer

event during the summer of 1964 where groups from CORE and SNCC went into Mississippi to register blacks to vote

Loving v. Virginia

Supreme Court decision that said anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional

Malcolm X

civil rights leader during 1950s and 1960s. Wanted equality, but spoke for using any means necessary to achieve those rights.