Enviormental chapter 5 quiz

Five basic types of interactions

Five basic types of interactions

Interspecific competition

Predation

Parasitism

Mutualism

Commensalism

Inter and intra

Inter means different species

Intra means going after the same thing (prey)

Interspecific competition

Compete to use the same limited resources (lion & hyenas compete for gazelles)

Resource partitioning

Species use only part of the resources (different time/way)

Predator

Feed on all or part of living organism

Carnivores hunting

Pursuit & ambush

Camouflage

Chemical warfare (rattlesnake)

Prey avoid predation

Camouflage

Chemical warfare

Warning coloration (poison frogs)

Mimicry (evolve into a warning coloration species)

Bahavioral strategies (going out at night/stay in trees)

Predation

Leads to natural selection because of predator and prey populations

Convolution

Interact w/one another for long period of time, and changes gene pool

Echolocation

Bats & sensitive hearing moths

Parasitism

Parasite lives with host (convolution) and never kill host (get nutrients from body)

Mutualism

Nutrition or protective relationships (both benefit)

Commensalism

Benefits one species and has little affect on the other (birds nesting on tree)

Communities & ecosystem respond to environmental change

Species composition of communities and ecosystems change to changing environmental conditions through ecological succession

Ecological succession

Gradual change in species composition

Primary succession

Lifeless area start to success (glacier & volcanos)

Secondary succession

Areas with environmental disturbance start to reproduce plants and animals again

Traditional view

Balance of nature & climax community

Current view

Ever-changing mosaic of patches of vegetation in different stages of succession

Inertia

Ability of living system to survive moderate disturbance (temperature & wet season that’s not so wet)

Resilience

Ability of living system to be restored to normal through secondary succession after moderate disturbance

Population growth limits

No population can grow indefinitely, limits on resource and competition among species for said resources

Population

Group of interbreeding individuals of same species

Population disturbance

Species cluster for resource

Protection from predators

Ability to hunt in packs

Population size governed by

Births, death, immigration, emigration

(Birth+immigration)-(deaths-emigration)

Age structure

Pre-productive age- too young to reproduce

Reproductive age- can reproduce

Post-productive age- too old to produce

Range of tolerance

Variation in physical & Chemical environment

Individuals have difference tolerance ranges (people who can handle heat & not cold)

Limiting principle factors

Too much/too little if physical/ chemical resource (precipitation, nutrients, sunlight)

Population density

Number of individuals in a given area

(We need elbow room)

some species reproductive pattern

Have many small offspring

Little parental involvement

Other species reproductive patterns

Reproduce later in life

Have small number of offspring

Environmental resistance

Factors that limit population growth

Carrying capacity

Maximum population of species that can sustain habitat indefinitely

1900

Deer habitat destruction & uncontrolled hunting

1920-30

Law protected deer——> Lyme disease, car accidents, shrubs/ plants eaten

Reproductive time lag

Lead to overshoot, (population grows w/ low resources)

Destroy resources so much they might never grow back)

1st big ideas

Interactions among species affect resources and populations size

2nd big ideas

Changes in environmental condition —————>ecological succession by gradually alter composition

3rd big idea

There’s always limits to population growth in nature

Finite.

Resource partitioning

resource partitioning refers to how more than one species get the same resource but due to one species adaptation to use them in different ways to obtain these resources

Why should we help preserve kelp forests

help support a large number of marine plants and animals. They also help reduce shore erosion by blunting the force of waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand

3 factors how ecological succession occurs

facilitation, meaning one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often less suitable for itself. Two, inhibition, refers to species hinder the establishment and growth of other species. An example would be the needles from pine trees falling, making the soil too acidic for other plants to grow there. Lastly, tolerance, in which plants in late stages of succession succeed because they are not in direct competition with other plants for key resources.