PSYC midterm 3

sexual dysfunction

Sexual Dysfunction: chronic, impaired sexual functioning that distresses the person \n Can be caused by injuries, diseases, drugs... \n Sometimes psychological causes \n Performance anxiety \n Prior sexual assault or abuse

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Herman study

listen to audio books

measured genital and self reported arousal

men and women became most aroused during women protagonist /

2 theories about porn and assault

social learning theory

* essential observational learned
* predicts that porn increases aggression

Psychodynamic theory

* Catharsis principle
* inborn agressive and sexual desires build up
* Predicts that porn decreases aggression

common causes of realationships ending

premature commitment

ineffective communication/conflict management

boredom

better options

how can we make a relationships last

* take plenty of time to get to know that other people before commitment
* emphasize and communicate positive qualities of your partner
* develop effective conflict management strategies
* bring novelty into the relationship

what is abnormal behaviour

Behavior that’s personally distressing, dysfunctional, \n and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge \n it as inappropriate or maladaptive

3 d’s of defining disorders

distressing

* feeling anxiety and depress

dysfunctional

* interferes with ba personas life

deviant

* violates social norms
* crying when people ask how you are doing
* can’t be attributed to environmental causes

* Dissociative amnesia

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* \
* selective memory loss

Dissociative disorders

* Breakdown of the normal unity/coherence of personality, or sense of self
* Dissociative amnesia
* selective memory loss
* dissociative fugue
* don’t know who their are
* very rare
* dissociative identity order
* multiple personality disorder

DSM 5 manual

diagnostic and statistical manual

delusion of grandeur

inflated sense of self

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type 1 schizoprenia

pos symptoms

Hallucinations, delusions, disordered thought

dopamine hypothesis

type 2 schizophrenia

negative symptoms

Lack of emotion, loss of motivation...

Socio-cultural schizo hypothesizes

Social Causation

* low income causes high stress which triggers

Social drift

* schizo causes desires social and occupational functioning
* drift into poverty

Narcissistic personality disorder

gandiaos fantasies of behaviour

lack of empathy

constant need for admiration

proud self display

oversensitivity to evaluation

Avoidant personality disorder

extreme social discomfort

timidity

feelings of inadequacy

fear of being negatively evaluated

personality disorders

Stable, ingrained, inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking feeling and behaving

OCD

not considered anxiety

Schizotypal personality disorder

* Odd thoughts, appearance, behavior; extreme discomfort in social situations\\
* Kind of like mild schizophrenia (odd beliefs – like aliens – but without hallucinations)

anti social personality disorder

* Seem to lack a conscience
* Formerly called psychopaths, sociopaths, or “moral imbeciles”

2 clusters of symptoms: \n 1. Selfish, lack empathy, manipulative \n 2. Impulsive, unstable, socially deviant \n

* Need both clusters for diagnosis
* Subclinical often have 1st cluster, but not 2nd; also often great success in business, politics

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traits of antisocial

* Often intelligent, charming
* Can talk themselves out of trouble

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* Diagnosis requires patient to be 18+
* and, evidence of antisocial behavior before 15
* Habitual lying, theft, vandalism, drinking,chronic rule violation, early/aggressive sex
* \
* Lack anxiety
* don’t respond to punishment

bio and antisocial

Gentics

brain abnormalities

* Dysfunctional amygdala, prefrontal cortex
* Results in chronic under-arousal, impulsivity

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Psych and antisocial

Psychoanalysis

* underdeveloped super ego

Cognitive theories

* fail to consider negative consequences

Learning theories

* often parents were aggressive on inattentive

Borderline personality disorder

Serious instability of behaviours emotions identity and interpersonal relationships

emotional disregulation

inability to control negative emotions in response to stressful events

repetitive self destructive behaviours

splitting

fail to integrate pos and her aspects of someone else’s behaviours

somatic symptoms disorders

involuntary physical complaints or disabilities with not biological cause

Pain disorder

feel pain with to cause or disproportionate amount go pain

Functional Neurological symptom disorder

* Formerly known as Conversion Hysteria, or (later) Conversion Disorder
* Paralysis, blindness, or loss of sensation with no physical cause
* Associated with “la belle indifference”

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psychophysiological disorder

where a psychological factor causes medical condition with real bio causes

stress causes high blood pressure and peptic ulcer

anxiety disorders

PTSD and OCD is NOT an anxiety disorder

Phobic disorders, generalized anxiety disorders and panic disordered ARE$

Disproportionate frequency & intensity of anxiety responses for the situation; interferes with daily life

4 components to anxiety

Subjective-emotional

* Includes feeling tension, apprehension...

Cognitive

* Sense of danger, inability to cope

Physiological response

* pulse, BP, nausea, dry mouth, freq. urination...

Behavioral response

* Avoid certain situations, impaired performance

Phobia

Strong, irrational fear of certain objects or situations

Agoraphobia

fear of open or public spaces

social anxiety disorder/ social phobia

excessive fear of situations where the person might be evaluated

generalized anxiety disorder

chronic state of diffuse anxiety not attached to a specific situation

worried about something but not a specific thing

just worried

panic disorder

sudden, unpredictable and highly intense ANX

can develop agoraphobia because they fear panic attacks

blind panic

OCD

Not an ant disorder in the DSM 5

Obsessions

* repetitive and unwelcoming thoughts, images or impulses
* often abhorrent to the person but are difficult to dismiss or control

Compulsions

* repetitive behavioural responses to obsessions
* functions to reduce obsession-based anxiety

most cases involve both cognitive obsessions and behavioural compulsions

2 theories for neuroscience and OCD

Executive dysfunction model

* suggests that old is an issue with impulse control and inhibiting behaviours that are inappropriate for a given situation
* Becky explains compulsion

Modulatory control model

* suggests that OCD is an issue with controlling socially-appropriate behaviours
* best explains obsessions

biology and anxiety/ocd

Genetics

* 40% ident. twin concordance
* other studies say 44-615 Oof the variance

Physiology

* early stressors

Sex

* women have more anx

Bio Preparedness

* evolutions may have evolved t continued fears

socioculture theories

culture bond fears

Mood disorders

typically with anxiety

other groups of emotion based disorders

Depression

almost everyone experiences the symptoms of depression

Clinical depression

frequency, intensity and duration of depressive symptoms are disproportionate to the persons life situation

minor set back and trigger major depression

dysthymia: less intense feelings of depression but more chronic or long lasting

4 classes of depression symptoms

emotional

* sadness

cognitive

* can concentrate

somatic

* loss of appetite

motivational

* hard to get out of bed

BIPOLAR DISORDER

patients experiences depression but with alternate periods of mania

mania is the opposite of depression

prevalence

* less common than anx

what is the basic idea of attachment theory, with respect to our adult relationships?

Argues that love is basically an attachment \n process, just like in our childhood \n  In fact, the theory suggests that our \n “attachment styles” from childhood influence \n all of our later (adult) social relationships – \n including romantic relationships

Bowlby’s student, Mary Ainsworth, invented the Strange Situation Test. \n Briefly outline the basic procedure of this test (you don’t have to know every \n step exactly, just the general idea

Tests attachment in children ages 1-2

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Using this strange situation test, what were the 4 types of attachment outlined by \n Ainsworth?

Securely attached

anxious-ambivalent

anxious-avoidant

disorganized

Forms of attachment

* Which of these indicates the most well-adjusted children?
* Which indicates the least well-adjusted (greatest insecurity)?
* Which forms of attachment are most stable over time?
* How does culture affect attachment?

* secure
* disorganized
* secure and disorganized
* secure is the most common over all

According to attachment theory, what kind of attachment style would a person who (as a child) used to have secure attachment be most likely to have? What about avoidant? Anxious/Ambivalent?

* trust others/comfortable with mutual dependance


* fear and feel uncomfortable getting close to people and less warm
* obsessive and preoccupied with relationships/jelous

What would these types of attachment relationships, in the adults, look like?

????

What kind of parenting typically gives rise, according to the theory, to these kinds of attachment styles?

What are the 2 general dimensions of attachment in adulthood?

Anxiety fear of abandonment

avoidance how much distrust

Can attachment styles change through the lifespan? Explain

???

what are the 4 common categories of motivation for sexual activity in undergrads?

* physical
* help attain a goal
* emotional
* insecurity

Which groups of people engage in the most frequent intercourse? Masturbation?

COhabitating

men

What are the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle? Describe. \n What is the Refractory Period and who experiences it?

1. excitement phase
2. plateau
3. orgasm
4. resolution

Men experience a refractory period

Give an example of how psychology can activate/inhibit sexual desire

being turned off

fanazising

Which types of erotica & pornography are arousing to both sexes?

sex descriptions

Does pornography affect attitudes/behaviors toward sex? Explain

lots of exposure = dissatifiication

What is aggressive pornography? What is the rape myth that it sometimes portrays?

debits violence against women

rape myth: initial resistance-force-enjoyment

What is the Catharsis Principle?

inborn aggressive and \n sexual desires build up and up and up.and get (safely) released by viewing (or \n fantasizing about) such acts

* dissociative fugue

* don’t know who their are
* very rare
* \

* dissociative identity order

multiple personality disorder

different neural response patterns

Trauma-Dissociation Theory: Suggests new personalities develop as a way \n of coping with severe stress

soem thearapists uncover personalities

What are Delusions? Examples?

What are Hallucinations? Which type is the most common?

What are the 3 possible categories of emotional disturbances of schizophrenia?

What is the difference between Positive and Negative Symptoms of schizophen

\+ is adding something to Normal- hallucinations or delusions

\- is removing something- lack of emotion

Which Type (I or II) is linked to positive and which to negative symptoms of shizo

I mostly pos

II mostly neg

Which type of symptoms is associated with better functioning prior to \n hospitalization, and also with a better prognosis for recovery? of schizo

Positive

What neurotransmitter is linked with Schizophrenia? Is it more associated with the positive or the negative symptoms?

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Dopamine - having more receptors

positive

Briefly outline the basic idea of the Neurodegenerative Hypothesis. Is degeneration more associated with positive or negative \n symptoms?

destruction of neural tissue can cause schizophrenia

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Negative

Briefly outline the difference between the Social Drift Hypothesis and the \n Social Causation Hypothesis

Drift starts with schizophrenia then decreases social functions and the drift to poverty

causation is low income causes stress then triggers

What is Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder?

formerly known as Conversion Hysteria, or (later) Conversion Disorder

\n Paralysis, blindness, or loss of sensation with no physical cause

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What would Freud have called neurological symptoms illness instead?

* *Conversion Hysteria*

What does the symptom “la belle indifference” refer to?

* a strange lack of concern about the symptoms

Describe the symptoms of “Glove Paralysis”

* Person loses feeling, and movement below the wrist
* Retains feeling & movement above the wrist

What is the difference between a somatic symptom \n disorder and a psychophysiological disorder? Or \n hypochondriasis?

different from psycophis b/c where a psychological factor causes a medical condition with an actual, *real* biological cause



* Different from *hypochondriasis*
* an anxiety disorder
* Think they have (or will get) a serious illness

What cultural factor(s) increase vulnerability to developing somatic symptom disorders? \n Example from Victorian era and glove paralysis?

* Culture that discourages speaking about emotions, or stigmatizes psych. disorders


* Victorian era- glove paralysis common

What are the 3 components of Beck’s Depressive Cognitive Triad?

negative thoughts about

* self
* world
* future

What is the basic idea of learned helplessness?

* Expect bad things to happen, and think you can do nothing to prevent or cope with them

What is the depressive attributional pattern, and what are the 3 \n characteristics of negative attributions made by people with \n depression?

personal

* my fault

stable

* always be this way

global

* terrible at everything

General Psychological Therapy Aside from the goal of treatment, what are the two commonalities for all types of \n psychological therapies?

Therapeutic relationships

therapeutic technique

What is the difference in education between a psychiatrist and a psychologist? \n What is a psychiatrist allowed to do that a psychologist is not?

PSYChia is a doctor so they can prescribe drugs

Explain the term “insight” and why it is the goal of psychodynamic therapies. \n The psychoanalyst’s main duty is to help the patient achieve insight. What is \n the term for this main duty?

* *Conscious awareness of the psychodynamic forces underlying one’s current issues*
* Allows one to adjust behavior; act according to the current situation, rather than repeating past

Briefly describe the methods of Free Association and Dream Interpretation. What does the therapist look for during Free Association?

* Free Association:
* Client on couch, therapist behind; verbally report *all* thoughts, feelings, images that enter mind
* thoughts of unconscious
* Dream Interpretation:
* Believe dreams express forbidden impulses & fantasies that are repressed when conscious
* Still, defense mechanisms usually disguise the impulse or fantasy 

What is Resistance, and why does it occur? Examples?

* Defensive maneuvers that can hinder therapy


* Occurs because the client has strong unconscious pull to maintain status quo

What is Transference? What’s the difference between positive and negative transference?

* Client begins to treat analyst as though they are someone important from their past


* *Positive Transference*: 
* Transfer feelings of love, affection, dependency onto the therapist
* *Negative Transference*:
* Transfer feelings of anger, hatred, disappointment onto the therapist

Outline a few differences between Brief Psychodynamic Therapies and traditional ones. Name the “brief psychodynamic” therapy that is highly effective for treating depression. How many sessions is typical for this approach?

* More active, focused version of psychoanalysis
* Face-to-face conversation instead of free association; more focused topic of discussion



* *Interpersonal Therapy*
* Highly structured psychoanalytic therapy
* Seldom lasts more than 15-20 sessions
* treats depression

According to the humanistic approach, what typically causes psychological disorders

* Believe people are capable of taking conscious control of (and responsibility for) their actions
* Disorders result from something blocking the natural tendency for personal growth

Client-Centered Therapy strives to create what type of situation/environment?

* Focus is on creating a situation where the client feels accepted, understood, and free to explore attitudes/feelings without judgment

According to Carl Rogers, what are the 3 characteristics that it is essential for a \n therapist to have? What does the term reflecting mean? Example? How is it that unconditional positive regard and genuineness are not considered to be mutually contradictory?

Rogers’ 3 essential characteristics of a therapist: 

* Unconditional Positive Regard
* No judgment or evaluation of the client
* Also, show trust in client’s ability to work through their own problems
* Partially by *refusing* to give advice
* *Empathy*
* Willing to view world through client’s eyes
* *Reflecting:* communicate understanding by rephrasing client’s statements & emotions
* *Genuineness*
* Openly & honestly express feelings, whether positive OR negative (?!)

What is the basic assumption of Gestalt therapy? What are some of the techniques used in this therapy? Briefly describe the Empty Chair Technique

* Assumes that psych. difficulties arise when important items are relegated to background


* Gestalt therapy often carried out in groups


* *Empty-chair technique*
* Role-play *both* sides of a conversation with one’s mother, e.g. (switching chairs as you go)

According to the cognitive approach, what typically causes psychological disorders?

irrational and self-defeating thought patterns

Why is the Cognitive Approach sometimes called Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?

* there is a focus on changing both behaviors as well as the thought patterns underlying them

What is the main focus of Rational-Emotive Therapy? According to this approach, name the 4 important steps (ABCD)?Give an example of an irrational thought process being replaced by a more rational one, leading to better emotional control.

* Activating Environmental Event
* Beliefs become activated by event
* Consequences of these beliefs 
* Can be emotional and/or behavioral
* Dispute the initial beliefs
* Challenge erroneous beliefs 

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* Ellis says *real* cause is our (irrational) Beliefs
* e.g. “Rejection means I am a worthless person”
* \
* Which may relate to a deeper (irrational) belief: “*It is necessary that I be loved and approved of by virtually everyone for everything I do*” 

What is the main focus of Beck’s Cognitive Therapy? Give an example of how this might lead to a maladaptive emotional response. How does self-instructional training extend the therapy environment and place \n more control in the patient’s hands?

* Focuses on over-learned *automatic thought patterns* that cause maladaptive reactions
* fails - worthless
* \\\\
* \
* \
* Meichenbaum’s Self-Instructional Training
* An extension of Cognitive Therapy
* Give adaptive instructions to yourself at crucial stages when coping with stress
*

What are the 3 components of mindfulness?