Exercise 29 - Blood - Mamm Phys Lab

Exam 1

True or False? There are no special precautions to take when handling blood

False

Three types of elements found in blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and:

a. electrolytes

b. fibers

c. platelets

d. sodium salts

Platelets

Which underlined term is correct? Mature erythrocytes/leukocytes are the most numerous blood cells and do not have a neucleus

Erythrocytes

The least numerous by largest of all agranulocytes is the:

a. basophil

b. lymphocyte

c. monocyte

d. neutrophil

Monocyte

__________ are the leukocytes responsible for releasing histamine and other mediators of inflammation

a. Basophils

B. Eosinophils

C. Monocytes

D. Neutrophils

Basophils

_______ are essential for blood clotting

Platelets

Which underlined term is correct? When determining the hematocrit/hemoglobin, you will centrifuge whole blood in order to allow the formed elements to sink to the bottom of the sample.

Hematocrit

Which underlined term is correct? The normal hematocrit value for females/males is generally higher than that of the opposite gender

Males

Which underlined term is correct? Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as antigens/antibodies on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane

Antigens

True or false? If an individual is transfused with the wrong blood type, the recipient’s antibodies react with the donor’s blood antigens, eventually clumping and hemolyzing the donated RBCs.

True

What is plasma?

Nonliving fluid matrix

What is suspended in plasma?

Living cells; formed elements

What three types of formed elements are present in blood?

Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets

What are erythrocytes?

RBCs; sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport the bulk of the oxygen carried in the blood and a small percentage of CO2

What are leukocytes

WBCs; part of the body’s NONSPECIFIC defenses and immune system

What are Platelets

Function in hemostasis, aka blood clot formation

What is the composition of blood?

Platelets: less than 1%

Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs): 45%

Plasma: 55%

What do neutrophils look like

Nucleus multilobed; pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-12 um

What do eosinophils look like?

Nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-14 um

What do basophils look like?

Nucleus bilobed large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-14 um

What do lymphocytes look like?

nucleus spherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm; diameter 5-17 um

What do monocytes look like?

Nucleus U- or kidney-shaped; gray-blue cytoplasm; diameter 14-24 um

What do red blood cells lack

Nucleus

What is diapedesis?

The ability of leukocytes to move in and out of blood cells

What is amoeboid motion?

The ability of leukocytes to wander through body tissues to reach sites of inflammation/tissue destruction

What mnemonic helps to list leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant?

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinphils, basophils

What are platelets?

Cell fragments of large multinucleate cells?

What are megakaryocytes?

Large multinucleate cells

What is a total WBC/RBC count used for?

Determines the total number of that cell type per unit volume of blood

What is leukocytosis?

Abnormally high WBC count; indicate infection, metabolic disease, hemorrhage, poisoning by drugs/chemicals

What is polycythemia?

Increase in RBCs

What is anemia?

Decrease in number of RBCs; decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

How to do differential white blood count?

Count 100 WBCs, then divide each of the five types by the total amount counted (aka 100).

What is hematocrit?

Process of centrifuging whole blood to spin the formed elements to the bottom of the tube, with plasma forming the top layer?

What is the hematocrit be considered equivalent to?

RBC volume

How to calculate hematocrit?

Height of the column composed of the element (mm)/height of the original column of whole blood (mm) * 100

What is bleeding time?

How long bleeding lasts

What does bleeding time test?

The ability of platelets to stop bleeding in capillaries and small vessels; prolonged bleeding time is associated with deficient or abnormal platelets

What is blood clotting/coagulation?

Protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels are ruptured

What do injured tissues release?

Tissue factor (TF)

What do platelets release?

PF3 (platelet factor 3)

What does prothrombin activator do?

Converts prothrombin (present in plasma) to thrombin

What does thrombin do?

Combines fibrinogen proteins (present in plasma) into insoluble fibrin to form meshwork of strands to trap RBS and form basis of clot

How fast does blood removed from the body clot?

Within 2-6 minutes

What are antigens/agglutinogens?

Specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane

What are antibodies/agglutinins?

Antibodies that act against RBCs carrying antigens not present on the person’s own RBCs

What occurs when a donor blood type doesn’t match the recipients?

Recipient’s antibodies will react with donor’s blood antigens, causing RBCs to clump, agglutinate, and hemolyze

What is atherosclerosis?

Disease process in which the body’s blood vessels become increasingly occluded (blocked) by plagues

What is the blood volume of an average-size adult male?

5-6 liters

What is the blood volume of an average-size adult female?

4-5 liters

What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull brick-red?

The degree of oxygenation. The more oxygen it carries, the brighter red it is

What is the most numerous leukocyte?

Neutrophil

What cell types are granulocytes?

Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil

What cell type is also called an erythrocyte; anucleate formed element?

Red blood cell

Which cell types are actively phagocytic leukocytes?

Monocyte, Neutrophil

Which cell types are agranulocytes?

Monocyte, lymphocyte

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? Ancestral cell of platelets

Megakaryocyte

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? Red blood cell, megakaryocyte, eosinophile, basophile, monocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte are all examples of these

Formed elements

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? Number rises during parasite infections

Eosinophil

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? Releases histamine; promotes inflammation

basophil

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? Many formed in lymphoid tissue

Lymphocyte

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? Transports oxygen

Red Blood Cell

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? Primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood

Plasma

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? Increases in number during prolonged infections

Monocyte

What cell types/blood elements fit the statement? The five types of white blood cells

Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte

What four classes of nutrients are normally found in plasma?

Sugar (glucose), amino acids, lipids (fatty acids), vitamins

What two gases are normally found in plasma?

oxygen, carbon dioxide (nitrogen)

Three ions normally found in plasma?

Na+, Cl-, Mg2+ (also K+, Ca2+, HCO3-)

What is the consistency and color of the plasma observed in lab?

Viscous and sticky; straw colored

What is the average life span of a red blood cell? How does its anucleate condition affect this life span?

100-120 days

When the RBCs ATP reserves have been exhausted, the membrane begins to fragment. Without DNA to direct mRNA (therefore protein) synthesis, needed enzymes cannot be made

Why are hematologic studies of blood so important in the diagnosis of disease?

Specific changes from the normal numbers/types of formed elements and/or plasma constituents are characteristic of certain disease states

Why is a differential WBC count more valuable than a total WBC count when trying to pin down the specific source of pathology?

A differential count determines the relative percent of each type of WBC. Increases or decreases in specific WBC populations are often indicative of specific pathologies.

What is the process of RBC production?

Erythropoiesis

What hormone acts as a stimulus for erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin

Why might patients with kidney disease suffer from anemia

When kidneys fail, they do not produce enough erythropoietin to sustain erythropoiesis

How can patients with kidney disease be treated in relation to anemia?

They can be given genetically engineered erythropoietin (EPO)

What would be the long-term effect of athletic training on RBC count?

Increases RBC count, since an athlete has relatively large muscle mass and needs efficient oxygen delivery to muscles when they are working

What would be the effect of a permanent move from sea level to a high-altitude area on RBC count?

Increases RBC count. Air is thinner at high altitudes and contains less O2, so the body produces more RBCs to pick up the same relative amount of O2 to be transported by the blood

If you had a high hematocrit, would you expect hemoglobin determination to be high or low?

High; assuming RBCs have a normal hemoglobin content, the higher the RBC volume, the higher the hemoglobin determination

What is an anticoagulant?

Substance that inhibits blood clotting

What are two anticoagulants used in conducting hematologic tests

Heparin (in capillary tubes) and EDTA

What is the body’s natural anticoagulant

Heparin

If your blood clumped with both anti-A and anti-B sera, your ABO blood type would be

AB

To what ABO blood groups could AB give blood to?

AB

Which ABO donor types could AB receive blood?

A, B, AB, O

Which ABO blood type is most common

O

Which ABO blood type is least common?

AB

Which blood type is considered the universal donor

O-; the RBCs of O negative do not have an A, B, or Rh antigens on the cell membrane, which reduce the change of a transfusion reaction

For blood typing, if neither anti-A or Anti-B serum coagulates, what blood type do you have?

type O blood

For blood typing, if both anti-A or Anti-B serum coagulates, what blood type do you have?

AB

For blood typing, if anti-A serum coagulates, what blood type do you have?

A

For blood typing, if Anti-B serum coagulates, what blood type do you have?

B

Explain why Rh-negative person does not have a transfusion reaction on the first exposure to Rh-positive blood but does have a reaction on the second exposure

There are no preformed anti-Rh antibodies in the blood at the first exposure. After the first exposure, the immune system reacts and begins to create antibodies

What happens when an ABO blood type is mismatched for the first time?

A transfusion reaction occurs the first and every time