IB Psychology Sociocultural

Tajfel summary

Aimed to investigate if intergroup discrimination would take place based on being put into different groups. A sample of 48 boys were asked to rate 12 paintings by painters Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky. Theydidn;t know which artist had painted which painting during the test. They were randomly allocated to one of two groups and told that they preferred either Klee or Kandinsky.

Tajfel Key findings

In the first system of point allocation, the boys generally awarded more points to the members of their in-group showing in-group favoritism. In the second system of point awarding, the boys were willing to give their own team fewer points to maximize the difference between their in-group and the out-group. This was a bit surprising since it meant that the boys left the study with fewer points than if they had all given each other the largest number of points possible.

Tajfel methods

Repeated measures

Tajfel Psych guide

Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies.

Discuss research methods used in the sociocultural approach.

Tajfel SAQ question

Explain Social Identity Theory with reference to one study.

Bandura summary

The study investigates how children will imitate adult's actions if they see it. 36 boys and 36 girls with an average age of 52 months old were participants along with 1 male adult and 1 female adult to act as role models. 3 main conditions were a control group, a group exposed to violent actions, and a group exposed to passive actions. There are also more variables in the study because there are groups of boys and girls that will look at opposite sex models when they perform the actions. In total there are 8 variables in this experiment.

Bandura methods

The method that was used in this study is experiment and matched pair design.

Bandura SAQ

Explain Social Cognitive Theory with reference to one study.

Explain one ethical consideration in one study of the individual and the group.

Explain the use of one research method in one study of the individual and the group.

Hamilton and Gifford Summary

-Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate illusory correlation of group size and negative behaviour. The experiment consisted of 40 American undergraduates (20 males and 20 females). Participants were shown a series of slides, each with a statement about a member of one of two groups, simply called groups A and B. The participants were told that Group B was smaller than Group A before starting the experiment. Each statement was about one individual in one of the two groups; the statement was either positive or negative. Each group had the same proportion of positive and negative comments. Then, participants were asked to rank members of each group on a series of 20 traits. After this task, they were given a booklet where they were given a statement and asked whether the person who did this was from Group A or B. Finally, they were asked how many of the statements for each group had been "undesirable." The booklet was completed before the trait rankings.

Hamilton and Gifford Key Findings

-Key findings: It was found that Group A ranked higher than Group B for positive trits and lower for negative traits. In the booklet, participants correctly recalled more positive traits for Group A (74%) than for Group B (54%) and more negative traits for Group B (65%) than for Group A (55%).

Hamilton and Gifford Methods

-Methods- Repeated Measure Design

What does it relate to in the psych guide?: The formation of stereotypes and cognitive biases.

Hamilton and Gifford SAQ Question

-Which SAQ Question would it answer?: Explain one theory of the formation of stereotypes with reference to one study, Explain one study of the effects of stereotyping on behaviour.

Hamilton and Gifford ERQ Question

-Which ERQ would it answer?: Discuss (or Evaluate) one or more studies on the formation of stereotypes, Discuss (or Evaluate) one or more theories on the formation of stereotypes, Discuss (or Evaluate) one or more studies on one or more effects of stereotyping on behavior, Discuss (or Evaluate) one or more effects of stereotyping on behavior.

Lueck and Wilson Summary

-Summary:The study involved semi-structured interviews with 2095 Asian Americans, including first-generation immigrants and U.S.-born individuals with immigrant parents. Participants came from various Asian backgrounds (e.g., Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese). Interviews were conducted either online or in person by culturally and linguistically similar interviewers. They assessed acculturative stress and examined related variables: language proficiency and preference, discrimination, social networks, family cohesion, and socioeconomic status.

Results: 70% of participants experienced acculturative stress, Bilingual preferences were linked to lower stress, strong family bond and sharing issues showed a link to lower stress, and discrimination and negative treatments significantly increased to acculturative stress.

Lueck and Wilson Key Findings

-Key findings:bilingualism, strong family ties, and positive economic outlooks reduce stress, while discrimination and English-only language preference increase it.

Lueck and Wilson Methods

-Methods: semi structured interview

Lueck and Wilson Psych Guide

-What does it relate to in the psych guide?

Acculturation and assimilation

Lueck and Wilson SAQ Question

Which SAQ Question would it answer?

Explain one study of acculturation.

Lueck and Wilson ERQ Question

Which ERQ would it answer?

Discuss (or Evaluate) one or more studies of acculturation

Discuss acculturation with regard to behavior and/or cognition.

Kulkofsky Summary

-Summary: The aim of this study was to study of the role of culture on flashbulb memory. The researchers studied five countries - China, Germany, Turkey, the UK, and the USA - to see if there was any difference in the rate of flashbulb memories in collectivistic and individualistic cultures. The sample was made up of 274 adults from five different countries. All participants were identified as "middle class." First, the participants were given five minutes to recall as many memories as they could of public events occurring in their lifetime. The events had to have occurred at least one year ago. The researchers then used this list of events to create a "memory questionnaire." They were asked five questions about how they learned about the event that mirrored the original questionnaire used by Brown & Kulik (1977)

Kulkofsky Key Findings

-Key findings: The researchers found that in a collectivistic culture like China, personal importance and intensity of emotion played less of a role in predicting FBM, compared with more individualistic cultures that place greater emphasis on an individual's personal involvement and emotional experiences.

Kulkofsky Methods

-Methods: back-translation, etic approach

Kulkofsky Psych Guide

-What does it relate to in the psych guide?: One theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process, The role of culture in cognitive processes, The role of cultural dimensions on behavior.

Kulkofsky SAQ Question

-Which SAQ Question would it answer?: Explain the use of one research method in one study of cultural influences on behavior and cognition.