APUSH Unit 11 and 12

Japan invades Manchuria 1931

1st act of agression in Asia

• Japan needs resources

Promoted the League of Nations to condemn the action

• Ineffective and helpless (no ability to enforce)

• Japan walks out

Dictators

Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin (since 1921): COMMUNISM

Italy: Benito Mussolini (since 1922): FACISM

Japan: Emperor Hirohito (1926 - 1989): IMPERALISM / BUSHIDO CODE

Japan: Hideki Tojo (Prime Minsiter) (1941 - 1944): IMPERALISM / BUSHIDO CODE

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1935 - 1945

Democract

Harry S. Truman

1945 - 1953

Democrat

Secretary of State George Marshall

Created the Marshall Plan, giving billions to rebuild Western Europe to stop communism

Chester Nimitz

• From Texas

• Commander in Cheif of the Pacific Fleet, major victories like Midway helped defeat Japan

• Island Hopping, a US strategy of capturing islands to get closer to Japan

Richard Nixon

Exposed Alger Hiss in HUAC case, showing fear of communism in US

A. Philip Randolph

Threatened March on Washington on 1941 which led to FDR bannning discrimiation in defense jobs

• EO 8802

• EO 9981

EO 8802

• A. Philip Randolph threatened a huge March on Washington in 1941 to protest Black workers being denied defense jobs

• FDR signed to ban discrimination in defense jobs.

EO 9981

• A. Philip Randolph kept pushing for equal treatment of Black soldiers

• Truman desegregated the armed forces.

Strom Thurmond

Ran as a Dixiecrat against Truman because he opposed civil rights

J. Robert Oppenheimer

• Led the Manhattan Project,

• Led by the US with help from Britain and Canada to develop atomic bombs before the Germans

Whitaker Chambers

Accused Alger Hiss of spying, which resulted in an increase in Red Scare fears

George Kennan (Mr. X)

• Wrote the Long Telegram and Mr. X article

• Which created the containment policy to stop the spread of communism

Thomas Dewey

Lost 1948 election to Truman despite predictions

Chiang Kai-shek

Led Nationalists in China; lost to Communists in 1949 and fled to Tawiwan

Omar Bradley

Led troops in D-Day- invasion in 1944, which was an allied attack on France to regain control of Western Europe from Germany

Mao Zedong

Led Communit Revolution as he took control of China in 1949

Vernon Baker

African American soldier awarded Medal of Honor after many years later, showed discrimination in the military

George Patton

Led US forces in Europe, which helped defeat Germany by using fast tank warfare

Facism

• A political system where the government is dictatorial, extremely nationalistic, and controls people’s lives.

• In WWII, Italy under Mussolini and Germany under Hitler were fascist.

Nuremberg Trials

• Trials after WWII where Nazi leaders were put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Munich Pact / Policy of Appeasement

A policy where Britain and France gave Hitler what he wanted to avoid war, like letting him take land.

FAILED BECAUSE HITLER KEPT EXPANDING

Sudentenland

• A section of land promised to an independent Czechoslovakia

Germany promises to only take this area to unite “all German speaking people”

Britain Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin

• “We will have peace in our time”

Rosie the Riveter

A symbol of women working in factories during WWII while men were away fighting.

Final Solution

The Nazi plan to systematically kill Jewish people during the Holocaust.

Policy of Containment

• The U.S. policy of stopping communism from spreading after WWII, mainly against the Soviet Union.

• George Kennan helped create this idea.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance of the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist countries created in 1955.

Eastern Bloc

• Soviet response to NATO

• Communist military alliance

Japanese American Internment

During WWII, the U.S. forced many Japanese Americans into internment camps because of fear after Pearl Harbor.

Ethnic Distinction Blurred

• Issei: Born in Japan

• Nisei: Born in US

Relocation Centers with 10 internment camps in isolated locations

EO 9066

Manhattan Project

The secret U.S. project during WWII that developed the atomic bomb.

• Created 1st nuclear weapons

• 1st experimental bomb was detonated in New Mexico

• Used at Hiroshima (Aug 6) and Nagasaki (Aug 9)

Cold War

The tense rivalry between the US and USSR after WWII, without direct large-scale fighting.

Iranian Oil was a concern during WW2 for US and USSR

Postwar, Soviets refused to withdraw from joint occupation

UN Secutiry Council steps in and demands withdraw

Stalin backs down

• Stalin’s speech in Jan, 1946

• “Communism and Capatalism can’t exist in the same world”

Atlantic Charter

• An agreement between FDR and Churchill in 1941

• Listed goals for the world after WWII, like peace and self-determination (similar to Wilson’s 14 Points)

• (Before US became active in the war)

• Inspired the founding of the UN

UN General Assembly

The part of UN where all member nations can vote and discuss world issues.

Island Hopping

A U.S. strategy in the Pacific during WWII where forces captured key islands and skipped others to get closer to Japan.

• Midway (June 1942): Get closer to Japan and the turning point where the U.S. stopped Japan’s advance (sea battle)

• Iwo Jima (1945): Horrible battle where US captured island, became symbol of America War effort (land battle)

UN Security Council

The UN group responsible for keeping international peace and security.

• 5 permanent major powers: US, USSR, Britain, France, and China

Kristallnacht

The “Night of Broken Glass” (1938) when Nazis attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

A civil rights organization founded in 1942 that used nonviolent protest against segregation.

• Committed to the “Double V” campaign for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.

GI Bill of Rights / Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944)

A law passed in 1944 giving returning soldiers money for college, homes, and job training.

• A chance to continue their EDUCATION

• Loans: Homes, Businesses, Farms

• Post War economic boom

Bracero Program

A program that brought Mexican workers to the U.S. for farm labor during WWII because of worker shortages.

Japan invades China

• Japanse forces attacked China during the 2nd Sino Japnease War

• War tensions increase in Asia before ww2

WW2

Started 1939 and ended in 1945

US ENTERED IN 1941 BECAUSE OF PEARL HARBOR

• It began on September 1, 1939, when Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany invaded Poland.

• It ended in 1945:

  • May 8, 1945 (V - E Day) → Germany surrendered

  • September 2, 1945 (V - J Day) → Japan surrendered after the atomic bombs

Nazi - Soivet Union Non Agression Pact

Germany (Nazi) and Russia (USSR)

• Adolf Hitler and the USSR agreed to not fight each other

• Allowed Germany to invade Poland without Soviet interference

HOWVEVER, GERMANY BROKE THE PACT BY INVADING THE USSR, LEADING USSR TO JOIN THE WAR

Pearl Harbor attacked and Japan entered WW2

• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, destroying US ships and aircrafts

• Japan attacked because US was hinder the Japanese goal of EXPANDING in the Pacific

• The attack caused the US to enter WW2

Admiral Yamamoto

• 7:55 am 1st Wave

• 8:54 am 2nd Wave

Destroyed American Naval Fleet, Destroyers, Battleships, Airfield

• 18 battleships hit / 15 were repaired and later fought in WW2

• UTAH / OKLAHOMA didn’t

• U.S.S Arizona (MEMORIAL)

2600 men killed

Luckily the 3 Aircraft carriers were not there

The Japanese didn’t hit the ship yards or fuel stations

EO 9066

• The US government forced Japanese Americans into internment camps

• Korematsu v. US (1944)

• Signed by FDR

• Passes because of wartime fear after Pearl Harbor

Yalta Conference (1945)

• FDR (last meeting he would attend), Winston Chruchill, and Joseph Stalin discusses postwar Europe

• Germany would be divided into occupation zones

• The Soviet Union agreed to join the war against Japan after Germany was defeated

• Get Soivet Union to help fight Japanese (FDR’s GOAL), so more Soivet Union soldiers would die instead of US soldiers

• UN would be formed

V - E Day

• Germany surrenderd to Allied forces, ending the war in Europe

• Victory Day in Europe

Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed

• The US used atomic bombs to force Japan to surrender

• The bombing helped end WW2

NATO created

Leader = Dwight D. Eisenhower

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization was forced to protect Western nations from Soviet threats

• 12 Members of the countries promised to defend each other if attacked

• Turkey and Greece joined NATO to be protected from the USSR

• Western Bloc

• Made USSR form the Warsaw Pact

US tests 1st H bomb

• The US developed a more powerful hydrogen bomb during the Cold War

• This increase nuclear weapons compeition with the USSR

Adolf Hitler

German who led the Nazi Party

Became Chancellor in 1933

• no real power

Became Dictator in 1934

Elected (NO MORE ELECTIONS)

Stimson Doctrine (1932)

Isolationist Policy

• After Japan invaded Manchuria

• Refused to recognize the area as legitimate because land was gained by force

Nye Commitee (1934)

Isolationist Policy

• US senate investiagted of the main reasons the US participated in WW1 was because of money

• Supported US staying out of future wars

Neutrality Acts

Isolationist Policy

• 1935: Prohibited arms shipments to all belligerent (at war) countries

• 1936: Forbid loans to all belligerent countries

Poland attacked (1939)

Break neutrality

FOREIGN ACTIONS

• Germany invades from the East

• Russia invades from the West

• France and England declare war but don’t mobilize

AMERICAN ACTIONS

• 1939 Cash and Carry

• Pay money and carry on yout own ships

• 1940 Selective Service Act

• 1940 Destroyers for Bases Deal with England

Selective Service Act (1940)

A U.S. law that required men to register for the military draft before the U.S. entered WWII.

Destroyer for Bases Deal (1940)

The U.S. gave 50 old naval destroyers to Britain in exchange for permission to build military bases on British territories in the Atlantic.

America First Commitee

• Isolationist group that was afraid of Roosevelt’s pro British policies and wanted to stay out of WW2

• Charles Lindbergh

France attacked

France is defeated in 6 weeks

• Maginot Line: a defense wall between FRANCE / GERMANY

Evacuation at Dunkirk

Lend Lease Act (1940 - 1941)

March 1941, After the Fall of France

• U.S. lent or gave war supplies to Allies before entering WWII.

• Aided England and later Russia (BECAME ALLIED POWER IN 1941 AFTER GERMANY ATTACKED THEM)

• Other allied nations

“Arsenal of Democracy” = supply military items

“Suppose my neighbor’s home catches fire…lend my garden hose to help put out the fire”

US OFFERED ACT AS LAST ATTEMPT TO STAY OUT OF THE WAR

GIVEN TO BRITAIN DURING THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN IN 1940

Four Freedom’s Speech

Speech given by FDR

• Freedom from Want

• Freedom of Speech

• Freedom from Fear

• Freedom of Worship

Artist: Norman Rockwell

Embargo (1940)

Country doesn’t sell

• The U.S. refused to sell oil, steel, and other important goods to Japan.

• Goal: pressure Japan to leave China without the U.S. going to war.

Reasons for Japan’s Attack on US

US Immigration Policies

• Treaty of Portsmouth 1905

• Genetlemen’s Agreement 1907

• Washington Naval Conference 1921

• Stimson Doctrine 1932

• US aid to China 1937

Economic Embargo’s

• 1940 Scrap Metal

• 1941 Stop shipments of all gas and oil

• Assets frozen

Scrap Metal Embargo (1940)

• The United States refused to sell scrap metal and iron to Japan, which Japan needed to make weapons and ships.

• It was meant to pressure Japan to stop invading China without the U.S. going to war.

Declaration of War

December 8, 1941

• FDR goes to Congress because of the attack on Pearl Harbor

• “A date that will live in infamy”

Jeanette Rankin votes AGAIN against WAR

Later Germnay and Japan declare war against the US

WE DECLARE WAR ON JAPAN, GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON US

War Production Board (1942) (WPB)

Supervised the conversion from a peactime to a wartime economy

Office of War Mobilization (OWM)

Set production priorities and controlled raw materials

Office of WAR Information

Office that promoted: PROPAGANDA

War Bonds

Patriotism

• Trying to get everyone involved in the war by buying bonds to raise money for the war effort

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

Regulated citiznes lives by

• Frezzing prices, wages, and rents

• Rationing (with ration coupons / stamps) meat, butter, cheese, vegetables, coffee, and sugar

Points ALLOW you to purchase certain goods

Money is how you PURCHASE the goods

• Need BOTH money and ration points to purchase (CAN’T JUST HAVE ONE OR THE OTHER)

Victory Gardens

Growing your own foods to supplement food supplies and support the war effort.

Women during WW2

200,000 served in the military

5 million entered the workforce

Military

• WAACS

• WAVES Navy

• WASPS

WASPS

• Women Airforce Service Pilots,

• Group of civilian female pilots who flew military aircraft during WW2 to free up male pilots for combat.

WAACS

• Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps

• Serve in non-combat roles: clerks, cooks, telephone operators, and nurses

• Ovetta Culp Hobby: 1st Republican Women to serve in Eisenhower’s Cabinet

• Trained at Fort Sam Houston (San Antonio, TX)

• Six Triple Eight (6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion)

Six Triple Eight (6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion)

Part of the WAACS courtsy of Dr. Mary McLecod Buthune and Eleanor Roosevelt (LARGEST GROUP)

Led by Lt. Col. Charity Edna Adams

• All-Black, all-female U.S. Army unit in WWII.

• Their job was to sort, track, and deliver millions of letters and packages to soldiers in Europe, making sure troops got mail from home.

• Sent to Birmingham, England (later France)

• “No mail, low morales”

Faced racism / discrimination from other regiments both male / female

Mexican Americans during WW2

Braceros

• Moved to the US to help with the harvest

• They couldn’t be drafted

• Resettlement of influx led to riots in LA

• Zoot Suit Riots (summer of 1943)

Defense industry workers

300,000 served in military

• Bataan Death March

• 17 recevied Congressional Medals of Honor

• Had the highest percentage of those medals

Zoot Suit Riots (summer of 1943)

Violent clashes in Los Angeles between U.S. servicemen and Mexican American youths who wore zoot suits (long jackets and baggy pants).

Bataan Death March

• Japan captured the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines during WWII.

• Brutal forced march of U.S. and Filipino soldiers by Japan in 1942.

African Americans during WW2

EO 8802

Double V Campaign

1 million served in the military

Tuskegee Airmen

• faced discrimination and segregation

1.5 million left the South for jobs in the West

Double V Campaign / Slogan

African Americans suppot for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home

• Supported by CORE

Tuskegee Airmen

1st Black military pilots in the U.S. Army Air Forces during WWII.

Native Americans during WW2

• Left the reservations and moved to cities to work in factories

• 2,500 served in the military as Code Talkers (Navajo, Hopi, and Choctaw)

Code Talkers

• Native American in Army who used their languages to transmit secret messages during WWII.

• Army would recruit from “Boarding Schools” and would look for people who spoke their native tongue

• Some used codes (Navajo) others used languages because it couldn’t be cracked

• No opportunities for promotions because their jobs were so vital

• Marines were assigned to protect them from all dangers

• Won’t be until 2008 that any of them will be given Congressional Medals of Honor

Japanese American Soldiers

• 442nd Infantry

• Europe

• Most highly decorated regiment

• 21 Medals of Honor

European Theater

Part of WWII fought in Europe, mainly against Nazi Germany and its allies.

Pacific Theater

Part of WWII fought in the Pacific Ocean and Asia, mainly against Japan.

European / Pacific Theater

Significant Battles:

• Operation Touch (Nov 1942)

• D - Day (June 1944)

• Battle of the Bulge (1945)

Operation Touch

European / Pacific Theater

• Allied invasion of North Africa to fight Germany and Italy

D - Day (Normandy Invasion)

Started allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France on June 6, 1944 during WWII.

• Low tide during this time

• Delayed because of weather

• Eisenhower: Supreme Allied Commander of Europe

Omaha and Utah Beach = American Landings

Liberated France

• Germany will be invaded next

• Battle of the Bulge: General George Patton

Battle of the Buldge (1945)

Final push from the Germans to keep the Allies out of Germany after the occurance of D - Day

FDR reelected for the 4th time

FDR died April 12: Truman is in charge

Germany surrenders May 8, 1945 = V - E Day

• Concentration camps (Holocaust) are liberated (released from control) by Russian and American Troops

• Later Nuremberg War Crime Trials will be held (Nov 1945 to 1946) (Crimes Against Hummanity)

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Truman (US) : Atlee (replaced Chruchill) : Stalin

Goals:

• Unconditional surrender: Japan

• “Baby is born”

Manhattan Project mentioned to warn Japan and show power

1st Atomic Bombs used (1945)

August 6, Hiroshima

• Col. Paul Tibbelt and the Enola Gay (airplane named for his mother)

• “Little Boy”: name of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima (uranium)

August 9, Nagasaki

• “Fat Man” (plutonium)

V - J Day

Sept, 2, 1945

General MacArthur accepts the surrenderring of Japan

• Hirohito is now a figure head leader (useless)

United Nations is Established

General Assembly

Interational Court of Justice

Security Council

• 15 members

• 5 permanent members = veto power

• US, Britain, France, Soviet Union, and China (Chiang Kai-shek)

Postwar Occupations

Japan

• US will help rebuild Japan to prevent future wars, stop communism, and provide economic recovery

• General MacArthur will oversee this transition

Germany

• Occupied by US, Soivet Union (Berlin), Great Britain, France

Cold War (1945 - 1991)

American Journalist

• Walter Lippman “Coined the term”

Tensions over control and occupation of Eastern Europe and the former Nazi Empire

US and Russia

• US = Self Determination

• Russia wans protection and a buffer zone and had satellie nations (countries controlled by the USSR after WWII, like Poland and Hungary.)

Self Determination

US term where the right of people to rule themselves and choose their government.

Iron Curtain Speech (1946)

• Winston Churchill warned that the USSR was controlling Eastern Europe and starting the Cold War.

• Fulton, Missouri

• “An Iron curtain is descending across the continent”

National Security Act established (1947)

1. Department of Defense

• All the Armed Forces (replaced the War Department)

2. National Security Council (NSC)

• To advise the president on security matters

3. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government’s foreign fact gatherings (SPYING)

• Covert Action: Replaced leaders that were not “friendly” to America

Truman Doctrine (1947)

• Containment

• Aided in money and weapons to fight communism in Europe

• Greece and Turkey are fighting “communist” forces

• Containment Policy: George Kennan

Marshall Plan (1947)

Sec. of State Marshall

• He later recevied Nobel Peace Prize

Monetary Aid to ALL European nations

To help revive and rebuild their economy

• Stalin would not allow the communist sattellies to accept

• MOLOTOV Plan = communist aid