Enviro Sci - Chapter 4.1

Define what “carrying capacity” means. Both ________ and _________ use can decrease this.

• population size that an area can support indefinitely

• pollution

• resource use

Roughly what is the population of people on earth? (billions)

• 8 billion

What affects the growth rate of a population? (four factors)

• births

• deaths

• immigration

• emigration

Immigration is movement of people ____ a population. Emigration is movement of people ___ __ a population.

• into

• out of

Global human populations has had __ growth spurts. The___________ revolution and the _________ revolution.

• 2

• agricultural

• industrial

The agricultural revolution occurred _______ years ago.

The industrial revolution occurred in the ______s. 

• 10,000

• 1700s

The agricultural revolution was supported by what two main factors? The industrial revolution was supported by what three main factors?

• more available food

• the need for more workers

• better sanitation

• healthcare

• increased life expectancy

It took ____ thousand years to read 1 billion people, but only ___ to reach 7 billion. The majority of our population is found in what area of the world? The two countries with the highest populations are?

• 200 thousand

• 200

• Asia

• India

• China

A demographic transition occurs when ___ birth and death rates are replacing ____ birth and death rates. What are some reasons this can occur? (3 factors)

• low

• high

• better healthcare - less infant death

• less need for children working on farms (urbanization)

• better educated/working women (which often) = less children

Demographic Transition:

Stage 1: pre_________, _____ growth, death and birth rates are _____.

Stage 2: industrial____, ______ growth, ____ of death.

Stage 3: _______ industrial, ______ growth, birth rates starting to _____. (Most growth occurs here, as deaths are much lower than births)

Stage 4: _____ industrial, ____ growth, ____ birth and death rates.

(Theoretical) Stage 5: could stay _____ or go up or down.

1. Preindustrial, slow growth, death and birth rates are high

2. Industrializing, rapid growth, lots of death

3. Mature industrial, slowing growth, birth rates starting to drop

4. Postindustrial, slow growth, low birth and death rates

5. Could stay stead, or go up or down

Where does your ecological footprint need to be in relation to sustainable use of bio capacity? (Above or below)

• below

• If it’s above, resources have to be imported in

In what year did the global tipping point occur? (19 something) We are using more than the earth can replace. We are living globally at how many earths?

• 1970

• 1.7 earths

China supports what percent of the total world population? However, there is only ___% of arable land (fit for growing crops).

• a fifth (1/5)

• seven (7%)

After the famine in China during the 1950’s the overall life expectancy increased from 45 to __ years.

a. 50

b. 70

c. 67

d. 60

d. 60 years

After the famine, which claimed around 30 million lives, the death rate reduced, but the birth rate remained steady. By 1970, the population in China grew to around ___ million.

900 million

Due to the growing population in China during the 1970’s, there were shortages in consumer goods, which lead to rationing. The government blamed ___________. They feared more growth because ____ of the population was under the age of ___. This meant that the population had “____________.”

• overpopulation

• 2/3 under 30

• momentum

The “one child decree” was issued in what year? What was the goal in making this decree?

• 1979

• zero population growth

Define what “zero population growth” means. This would mean that “replacement fertility rate” is achieved: the rate at which a population _______ replaces itself from one generation to the next. (approximately _.1 children per woman) 

• that there is an equal number of people being born to people dying

• exactly

• 2.1 children

How was the “one child policy” enforced? (2 main factors) When was the policy set to expire?

• no funded school or healthcare for 2nd child

• parents also faced job losses and monetary penalties

• 30 years later, in 2009

By 2011, the fertility rate in China was down to _.54%. This was considered a success. Critics felt that the policy was not responsible for this, rather due to changes in culture, such as urbanization.

• 1.54%

Demography is the _________ analysis of populations. Demographers use ____ ________ diagrams to predict future growth of a population. They evaluate metrics, known as _________ factors, such as birth rate and death rate to help predict this.

• statistical

• age structure diagrams

• demographic

Age structure diagram examples:

1. Young: If most people in the population are below the age of 30, this means there is ____ population ________. This will result in a large graph ____.

2. Transitional: If the pre-reproductive and reproductive age groups are smaller, this results in _____ population growth.

3. Mature: If there is a relatively even distribution among age classes, this results in a ______ population.

• high population momentum

• large graph base

• slower

• stable

True or False: Canada’s population would be shrinking without immigration.

• True

Age structure is defined as: ________ of population in various ___ groups. Sex ratio is defined as: number of males per ______ females.

• percentage

• age

• 1,000

Industrialized nations (eg. Canada) tend to have ___-heavy age structure diagrams, due to an _____ population. As a result, these countries are having a hard time caring for its aging population, resulting in _______ retirement age.

• top-heavy

• aging

• raising

Name 3 consequences of the “one child policy.” The ratio of males to females changed from 1.06 in 1979 to 1.17 in 2011.

• one child left to support parents (2) and grandparents (4)

• left with a higher ration of males to females

• fewer young workers in society

The progression of the one child policy:

• 2011 - some couples could have a _______ child (farmers)

• 2016 - ____ couples could have two children

• 2021 - any ______ of kids

Overall the birth rate is still _____, so the population is _________.

• second

• all

• number

• down

• shrinking

The world population growth rate is ___________.

The world population size is still ___________.

• decreasing

• increasing

The desired fertility rate is: the number of children an average couple ______ to have. The total fertility rate (TFR) is: the number of children a women ________ has in her life. These are interrelated.

• wants

• actually

What forces influence demographic factors, which in turn influence population growth? (5 factors)

• health (especially in children)

• education (especially of females)

• economic stability

• culture

• religion

Pronatalist pressures are ________ and ________ pressures that increase desired fertility. Child ________ and (total fertility rate) are also interrelated.

• cultural

• economic

• morality

Total fertility rates decline with what 3 factors?

• female education

• birth control/healthcare

• family planning