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Geography

The study of places, spaces, and the relationships between them.

Scale

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the actual size of that object on Earth.

Projection

The method by which the three-dimensional surface of the Earth is transferred to a two-dimensional map.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime, given current age-specific fertility rates.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Natural Increase

The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a population in a given time period.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Population Density

The number of people living per unit of area, typically per square kilometer or square mile.

Urbanization

The increasing number of people that live in urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, often for the purpose of settling in a new location.

Demography

The statistical study of populations, including the structure, distribution, and trends in population changes.

Age Distribution

The proportion of individuals of various ages within a population.

Life Expectancy

The average period a person may expect to live based on factors such as age, gender, and health conditions.

Cohort

A group of individuals who share a common characteristic, typically age, within a defined period.

Birth Rate

The rate at which new individuals are born in a population, often expressed per 1,000 individuals.

Death Rate

The rate at which individuals die in a population, often expressed per 1,000 individuals.

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support without environmental degradation.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population (ages 15 to 64).

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation showing the distribution of various age groups in a population.

Gender Imbalance

A disparity in the ratio of males to females in a population, often due to cultural or social factors.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.

Sustainability

The ability to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators used to rank countries.

Urban Sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.

Gentrification

The process of neighborhood change that results in the influx of more affluent residents.

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Climate Change

Long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other elements of the Earth's climate system.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or operate on an international scale.

Cultural Assimilation

The process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a dominant group.

Social Stratification

A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.

Resource Management

The practice of managing resource availability, utilization, and sustainability.

Rural Development

The process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being in rural areas.