PPL oral exam

What documents must you have with you to fly the airplane ? ( 61.3 )

Pilot certificate, medical certificate, government issued photo ID

*

Student pilots ,just have log book showing endorsements for Solo flight.

What are your limitations as a student pilot ? ( 61.89 )

No passengers,

Cannot carry property for compensation or hire,

Cannot fly in furtherance of a business ,

Cannot fly with a flight or surface visibility of less than 3sm during the day and 5sm at night and flight must be made with visual references to the surface .

What privileges and limitations apply to private pilot ? ( 61.113 ) ( 91.146 )

Privileges: can act as PIC and carry passengers

Fly for charitable,non profit, or community events

Demo aircraft for sale if you have 200 hours

Fly for search and rescue operations

Limitations

Cannot fly for hire ;

must pay no less than pro rata share

Do you need to take your logbook with you ? ( 61.51 )

Only as a solo student pilot on a cross country flight

What type of pilot certificate do you have ? Does it expire ? ( 61.19 )

No, as long as you have a current medical, and license does not get revoked

How do we keep our pilot certificate current ? ( 61.56 , 61.57 )

Student pilot : with valid medical certificate

PPL : Flight review every 24 calendar months or add another rating or license

What are the currency requirements for carrying passengers ? ( 61.57 )

3 take offs and landings within the preceding 90 days in an aircraft of the same category , class and type if required .

At night , these 3 landings must be made to a full stop .

Night definition ? When can you perform required night landings ? ( 1.1 , 61.57 )

Night is the time between evening civil twilight and morning civil twilight.

Night landings can be logged 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise .

How long is a medical certificate valid for ? ( 61.23 )

First class: atp = 6 calendar months

under 40 = 12 calender months

over 40 = 6 calender months

Second class: 12 calendar months

Third class: under 40 = 60 calender months

over 40 = 24 calemder months.

Student, PPL, and CFI can move to third class benefits after a 1st or second class is up

What documents should be in the aircraft before flight ? ( 91.9 , 91.203 )

ARROW

Airworthiness Certificate

Registration

Radio License ( required : international flight )

Operating Limitations ( found in the POH )

Weight and Balance equipment list

When will an aircraft registration certificate expire ? ( PHAK 8-6 )

7 years or

Owner dies-30 days to update registration

Plane is sold

Plane is exported out of US

Plane is crashed

Which weight and balance information must be in the aircraft , the one on the takeoff data card or the one in the airplane flight manual ?

Updated weight and balance equipment list in the AFM

With respect to the certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, what do category, class, and type mean? ( 61.5 )

Category : Airplane, Rotorcraft, Glider, Lighter-Than-Air etc.

Class : Single Engine Land / Sea , Multi Engine Land / Sea

Type : specific to aircraft - only required for aircraft with a max 12,500lbs , turbojet , or any aircraft specified by the FAA to require one ( 61.31 ) )

If a pilot changes his permanent mailing address , how long can the pilot continue to exercise the privileges of their pilot certificate without notifying the FAA ? ( 61.60 )

30 days

Does an Airworthiness Certificate ever expire ?

No, as long as inspections are kept up to date and manufacturer's original design is adhered

Does the POH meet the requirement of having an AFM ? ( PHAK 8-2 )

Yes . The POH for most light aircraft built after 1975 is also the FAA designated AFM .

Who says we have to follow the POH ? ( 91.9 )

" FAR 91.9 states , " ... no person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual ...

Who is responsible for ensuring aircraft is maintained and in an airworthy condition ?

The owner / operator

Discuss AVIATES . Required Inspections

Annual - every 12 calendar months ( 91.409 ) .

VOR - every 30 days for IFR ( 91.171 )

100 hour if airplane is being operated for hire

Altimeter / Pitot Static - 24 calendar months ; required for IFR flight ( 91.411 )

Transponder - 24 calendar months ( 91.413 )

ELT - 12 calendar months or after 1 hour cumulative use or half of battery life ( 91.207 )

Service bulletins and ADS complied with

What is an Airworthiness Directive ? Is it mandatory ? ( PHAK 8-12 )

FAA issued order to fix a known issue . It is mandatory .

What different kinds of AD's are there ?

Emergency - These require immediate compliance before flight

One Time - After the AD is complied with once , there is no further need to address the specified issue

Recurring- This AD must be complied with at the specified interval .

Can you over fly an annual ? 100 hour ? ( 91.409 )

The only way to overfly an annual is to obtain a special flight permit from the FSDO .

A 100 hour inspection may be overflown by no more than 10 hours and only if enroute to the place where the inspection will be done .

An annual inspection can be substituted for the 100 hour however , a 100 hour cannot substitute an annual inspection .

Do you need to have an ELT in the airplane today ? ( 91.207 )

Not needed for training within 50 nm of home airport

When does an ELT battery have to be replaced or recharged ? ( 91.207 )

12 calendsr months,

one hour cumulative use,

50% of battery life

What equipment and instruments do you need to have in the airplane for today's flight

Altimeter

Tachometer

Oil temperature gauge

Magnetic compass

Airspeed Indicator

Temperature gauge ( for liquid cooled engines )

Oil pressure

Fuel quantity gauge

Landing gear position indicator ( for retractable landing gear )

Anti - collision lights - Aviation red or white ( e.g. red rotating beacon or white strobes ) Manifold pressure gauge ( for airplanes with a constant speed propeller )

ELT

Seatbelts

How about if you were to fly tonight ?

FLAPS ( 91.205c

Fuses 3 of each kind or I complete set/ circuit breakers

Landing light if airplane is being flown for hire ( including flight training )

Anti - collision lights

Position lights -

Source of electricity - alternator or generator

What would you do if you found that the landing light was inoperative ? ( 91.213 )

Cannot fly at night per the FARS if plane is for hire.

During the day you would deactivate or remove the component and placard it inoperative ( deactivating could be as simple pulling the circuit breaker out )

Can you fly an airplane with known inoperative equipment ?

Yes , if it is not included in 91.205 and it has been deactivated / removed and placarded inoperative

What is a Minimum Equipment List ? ( PHAK 8-9 )

An FAA approved list of equipment that can be inoperative

Do we have one ? What do we have ?

No. We adhere to the regulations in 91.205 and 91.213 ( d )

Can an aircraft owner change an MEL ?

If a change is sought , a letter and a proposed MEL that is based off of the Master MEL must be sent to the FAA for approval

What are the four forces of flight ?

Lift

Weight

Thrust

Drag

What are the primary flight controls ? ( PHAK 5-3 )

Elevator

Rudder

Alleron

What are the secondary flight controls ? ( PHAK 5-8 )

Flaps

leading edge devices ,

spoilers ,

and trim systems ( anti - servo tab )

How is lift created ? ( PHAK 3-4 )

Newton's 3 law - Airfoils accelerate airflow downward . The equal and opposite reaction as described by Newton, forces the airfoil upwards .

Bernoulli's Principle - As the velocity of a fluid or gas increases the pressure decreases.

High speed air over the upper surface creates a low pressure area.

Lower speed air beneath the wing creates high pressure which produces an upwards force that contributes to the total lift.

Explain the different types of drag .

Parasite - increases with speed Some types of parasite drag include form , skin friction , and interference drag .

1.Form drag is caused by the shape of the aircraft and the airflow around it . Anything that sticks o from the fuselage as well as the fuselage itself contributes to this ( e.g. antennas , pitot mast , engi cowling )

2.Skin friction drag is caused by air slowing down as it moves across the surface of the aircraft . Rivets , dirt , or anything that makes the surface less smooth adds to this type of drag .

3.Interference drag is caused by intersecting airstreams from different parts of the aircraft . Take , f example , the area where the wing is attached to the fuselage . Since the wing accelerates the relative wind , this airstream will be relatively faster than the wind moving over the fuselage . When these two airstreams meet , turbulent eddies form and this produces drag .

Induced - byproduct of lift , decreases with speed

High pressure airflow from beneath the wing has the tendency to spill over the wingtips to equalize the lower pressure above . When this happens , turbulent whirl pools called wingtip vortices form and create drag . Also , any time the angle of attack is increased , a portion of the wing's lift vector is angled backwards . This too creates more induced drag .

What is the airspeed where Induced and Parasite drag meet ?

Vg - Best glide speed

This is also described as L / D Max or the maximum lift to drag ratio .

Describe the various components of an airfoil ( PHAK 3-8 Fig . 3-6 )

Mean camber line

Trailing edge

Leading edge

Chord line

What is camber ? Can we change it ?

Curvature of the wing -

it can be changed by extending / retracting flaps

What is angle of incidence ? Can we change it ?

The angle between the wing chord line and the fuselage-

it cannot be changed

What is center of gravity ? What happens when it moves forward / aft ? ( PHAK 4-38 )

CG is the point where the aircraft is balanced or the place where the entire weight is concentrated

Forward cg: lower cruise speed, higher stall speed, more stable, favorable stall recovery, difficult to rotate and round out during landing. More difficult to steer

AFT CG: higher cruise speed, lower stall speed, less stable, adverse stall recovery, shorter arm between cg and control surfaces on the tail make them less affective

What causes a wing to stall ? ( PHAK 4-22 )

The wing will stall anytime the critical angle of attack is exceeded .

How does temperature change . takeoff distance ? Weight ? Air density ? ( PHAK 10-2 and 9-2 )

High temperatures - less dense air Less dense air exerts less force on airfoils ( wings and propeller ) making them less efficient and 100 % also deprives the engine of power . This leads to longer take off rolls and decreased climb performance .

Higher weight also leads to longer take off rolls and increased landing distance because it takes more engine power to accelerate a heavy aircraft to Vr and more braking power to slow the aircraft down .

What are the different types of airspeeds

IAS - indicated

CAS - calibrated ( IAS corrected for instrument , position , and installation error ) It is equal to TAS in the standard atmosphere at sea level .

TAS - true ( CAS corrected for non - standard temperature and pressure )

GS - ground ( TAS corrected for wind )

What are the types of altitudes

Indicated - altitude as read off of the altimeter with appropriate setting

Pressure - vertical distance above the standard datum plane : a theoretical plane where sea level . pressure exists . It can be found by setting 29.92 in Kollsman window and reading the altitude .

Density Pressure altitude corrected for non - standard temp .

True - vertical distance above sea level ( MSL )

Absolute vertical distance above terrain ( AGL )

Calculate pressure / density altitude .

PA Altitude = ( field elevation ) + ( 29.92 current altimeter setting ) x 1000

DA = PA + [ 120 x ( outside air temp.in degrees Celsius - standard temp , for that altitude ) ]

What factors affect air density ? ( PHAK 10-4 )

Heat - warm air expands is less dense

Height ( altitude ) -air at higher altitudes is less dense

Humidity - A parcel of humid air is less dense because water molecules take up more room and ods spread out the air molecules .

What are the maximum ramp , takeoff & landing weights for the airplane ? ( POH 1-4 )

Max Ramp: 2307 LBS

Max takeoff and landing:2300 LBS

Why is the ramp weight different from takeoff weight ?

Ramp weight - max weight approved for ground maneuvers ( taxi )

Takeoff weight - max weight approved for takeoff run

How do you find the crosswind component ? Max crosswind component for aircraft ? ( AIM 4-3-3 ) ( POH 4-1 )

POH

Max is 15 Knots

How does wind affect takeoff and landing ?

Headwinds decrease takeoff and landing roll -

Tailwinds increase the takeoff and landing roll

How much does one gallon of 100LL weigh ? ( PHAK 9-5 )

6 lbs

When would you want climb at Vx ? How about a Vy climb ?

Vx is used to clear an obstacle

Vy is used to get to altitude in the shortest amount of time

Explain left turning tendencies . TGAS ( PHAK 4-26 )

Torque - clockwise spinning prop causes airplane to roll left about the longitudinal axis . This is an example of Newton's 3rd law .

On the ground , this left rolling tendency causes more weight to be on the left main gear thereby increasing the friction and inducing a left yawing tendency .

Gyroscopic Precession - During a descent the tail rises and causes a force to felt on propeller . The resultant force is therefore 90 degrees ahead in the direction of the rotation RIGHT SIDE of propeller ) causing a left yawing tendency . This is mostly associated with tailwheel aircraft because on their takeoff roll the tail has to be raised and this creates a left turning tendency .

Asymmetrical Thrust - In a climb , the descending propeller blade ( RIGHT SIDE ) has a greater angle of attack and therefore creates more lift . This causes a left yawing tendency .

Spiraling Slipstream - Propeller wash strikes the aircraft of the left side of the vertical stabilizer causing a left yawing tendency .

All of these tendencies are more pronounced at low airspeeds , high angles of attack , and high power settings .

Explain Stability ( PHAK 4-13 )

Lateral Stability - Resistance to roll Wing dihedral is what gives our aircraft lateral stability . The soft V shape means that during a side slip , the lower wing has a greater angle of attack and this helps return it to equilibrium . Effectively managing fuel can also influence this because if the fuel load is imbalanced , one wing will be lower than the other

Longitudinal Stability - Resistance to pitch ods Flying " inside of the envelope " is the greatest factor here . CG must be within longitudinal stability .

Vertical Stability - Resistance to yaw The size of the vertical stabilizer and the area of the fuselage aft of the CG contribute to vertical stability . The bigger and father aft the vertical stabilizer is , the greater the stability .

Positive Stability - Tendency to return to equilibrium

Neutral Stability - Tendency to stay in new posiion

Negative Stability - Tendency to continue to move away from equilibrium

Static Stability - Initial tendency

Dynamic Stability - Response over time

Airspeed Indicator

This is the only instrument that uses both the pitot and static ports .

It measures the difference between dynamic pressure ( ram air entering the pitot tube ) and static pressure. Ram air exerts a force on the diaphragm inside the instrument. Instrument case is full of static air

Altimeter

This measures the difference between static pressure inside of the instrument case and standard pressure ( 29.92 " Hg ) sealed inside of an aneroid wafer

. When the airplane is climbing . and ambient pressure begins to decrease , the wafer is able to expand because the air that is sealed inside is now of higher pressure .

The altimeter is a sensitive altimeter meaning that it can be calibrated to the local barometric pressure by adjusting the Kollsman window .

VSI

Measures the difference between static pressure and static pressure that is subject to a calibrated leak approximately every 6-9 seconds .

How do the pitot - static instruments respond to blockages ?

Describe the gyroscopic instruments

The Gyroscopic instruments are powered by an engine driven vacuum pump with the exception of the turn coordinator which is electrically powered .

The two principles that gyroscopes operate off of are : Rigidity in space : while spinning , a gyroscope will tend to stay fixed in its plane of rotation . Think of a bicycle wheel . With enough momentum , you are able to stay naturally balanced

Precession : when a force is applied to a gyroscope , the resultant force is felt 90 ° ahead direction of the rotation .

Attitude Indicator

Rotates in the horizontal plane and operates off of the principle of rigidity in space . The aircraft pitches and rolls around the erect gyroscope

. The effects of precession are not felt because pendulous vanes attached to the base of the gyro duct high pressure air from the vacuum through small doors that open and close by the force of gravity to keep the gyro in its original position .

Heading Indicator

Rotates in the vertical plane and operates off of rigidity in space as well . As the aircraft yaws around the gyro , a gear inside of the instrument case rotates the compass card to show the magnetic direction

. Precession caused from aircraft movement and friction causes error that must be corrected by resetting the heading indicator to the magnetic compass approximately every 15 minutes .

Turn Coordinator

This electrically powered gyro rotates in the vertical plane and it uses precession to measure rate of turn and rate of roll .

When the aircraft yows , the gyro precesses and the airplane on the face of the instrument indicates the direction and rate of the turn.

When the aircraft begins a bank the aircraft will also indicate the direction of the bank . If it is a rapid roll the airplane will respond by banking more steeply . Once the tum is established it will properly indicate the rate of the turn

Explain the errors associated with the magnetic compass

Variation - Since the magnetic north pole and the geographic North Pole are not collocated , we need to consider this when planning flights . Easterly variation is subtracted from true heading while westerly variation is added to get our magnetic heading . Remember East is least and West is best !

Deviation - Since a compass depends on aligning with the Earth's magnetic fields to read accurately , any kind of other local magnetic fields will cause an error known as deviation . This other magnetic fields are produced from electrical currents from the aircraft avionics and are change on different headings . The compass correction card located on the compass tells the pilot which compass heading to steer to for a desired magnetic heading .

Dip Errors - While flying on a north or south heading , these turning errors are most pronounced . While flying a north heading and turning to the left , the compass will initially show a turn in the opposite direction and log behind the turn . When on a south heading , the compass will lead the turn and show that the turn is being made a much faster rate than it actually is .

Acceleration Error - While on east or west headings , acceleration results in a slight turn to the north . Deceleration results in a slight turn to the south . The rule is ANDS Accelerate North Decelerate South

Oscillation Error - A combination of all of these errors and results in the compass swinging back forth around the headings being flown .

What does "normal aspirated" mean?

Ambient air enters the intake manifold

- there is no turbo or supercharger

What is used to cool the engine?

Air intake at the front of the engine cowling allow outside air to cool the cylinders. Fins on the filters allow a greater surface area to be exposed and thus cooled by the air.

Engine oil is crucial in internal engine cooling.

Why do we need oil in the engine?

Lubricates - all of the engines moving parts

Cools - reduces friction and removes heat from the cylinders

Seals - it creates a seal between the cylinder walls and pistons

Cleans - Carrie's away contaminants inside of the engine

What is meant by a 4 stroke?

Intake

Compression

Ignition

Exhaust

What type of oil do we use?

SAE 15W-50 or 20W-50

What type of propeller do we use?

McCauley 74 or 75 inch fixed pitch

What does the mixture control do?

as we gain altitude, the air becomes less dense. If we do not make any adjustments then we will have an excessively rich fuel/air mixture.

This can result in carbon buildup in the cylinders which can foul the spark plugs and reduce engine power. Leaning the mixture decreases the fuel flow and compensated for this.

Describe the fuel system

We have a gravity fed system, no fuel pump.

Each wing holds 21.5 gallons of fuel. 43 total gallons, only 40 gallons are usable fuel. You have a fuel selector valve with left, right, and both options.

Both is what we use for normal use. Fuel gauges.

What color is 100LL ? How about other types of fuel ? What happens when they are mixed together ? ( PHAK 6-27 )

100LL:Blue

Jet A: clear

100avgas: green

80 avgas: red

Mixed fuel becomes clear

What could be other types of clear liquid ?

Jet A

Water

Why do you drain a sample of fuel before each flight ?

Fuel weighs 6lbs gal and water weighs about 8lbs gal . Because water is heavier it always sinks to the bottom of the fuel tanks

. This is why we drain from the lowest points in the fuel system . We also want to visually inspect the fuel for the proper grade and to make sure that it is free of sediment .

What are stall strips ?

They are placed on the leading edge of the wing close to the wing root to help induce a stall towards the wing root so that pilot still has directional control with the ailerons .

What type of brakes does the airplane have ?

Single disc, hydraulic brake on each wheel

How does the vacuum system operate ? ( PHAK 7-17 ) ( POH 7-17 )

An engine driven vacuum pump creates suction . Air is pulled through a filter and then directed to the instrument case .

Rotor vanes on the gyros catch the air like a water wheel and cause it to rotate at a high speed .

Describe the electrical system . ( 7-10-7-12 )

The electrical system provides power to all of the radio equipment , the engine gauges ,flaps, flight instruments, stall warning horn and all the lights

The airplane is equipped with a 28 volt, direct current system. It's powered by a belt driven, 60 amp alternator and a 24 volt battery.

The magnetos are a separate electrical source for the engine.

What is the difference between controlled and uncontrolled airspace ?

Class G is the only uncontrolled airspace ATC has no jurisdiction .

When do we need a Mode C transponder ? ( 91.215 )

Class A , B , C airspace .

Inside of the mode C veil ,

above class B and C airspace , and

above 10,000 msl

Mode C is the altitude indicating function of transponder

What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level ? ( pg . 13 )

15c or 59F - 29.92 "

Discuss isobars . What does it mean when the isobars are close together ?

Isobars connect equal lines of pressure .

Closely spaced isobars means that there is a strong pressure gradient and winds will be strong .

How do surface winds flow in relationship to isobars ? Why ? Winds aloft ?

At the surface winds flow at an angle to the isobars because of surface friction .

Aloft , winds from more or less parallel because of the Coriolis force .

What type of clouds , visibility and precipitation would you expect from stable air ? Unstable air ?

Stable air : stratiform clouds , poor visibility , smooth air , steady or continuous precipitation

Unstable : Cumuliform clouds or clouds with vertical development , good visibility , turbulence , and showery precipitation

What are the general characteristics of low / high pressure areas ?

Low - Cyclone - counterclockwise and rising air

High - Anti Cyclone -clockwise and descending air

What is a ridge ? Trough ?

Ridge - extended area of high pressure - descending air

Trough - extended area of low pressure - rising air

What must be present in order for a thunderstorm to form

Unstable lapse rate,

Sufficient moisture,

lifting action

What are the stages of a thunderstorm ?

Cumulus the building stage of a thunderstorm characterized by opdratis only . All honden begin as cumulus clouds but not all cumdus clouds become thunderston

Mature - Updrafts and downdrafts both occur at this point . Violent turboliesce cas exped if flight is attempted beneath a cumulonimbus cloud because of this dear one The can be recognized by the beginning rainfall .

Dissipating - At this point the cloud is only giving off downdrafts and the thunderstorm is dissipating . During this stage , large cumulonimbus elonds may have a ognizable " anolo that is a portion of the cloud that has been sheared off by the jet stream . The danction in which die anvil top is facing also shows the direction in which the storm is moving

What is wind shear ? Why is it an operational hazard ? (

Rapid change in wind direction or velocity -

it can cause dramatic changes in indicated heading, altitude and airspeed. causes severe turbulence within the shear zone

What does dew point mean ?

The temperature at which the air becomes saturated

Advection fog

Moist warm air moves over colder land or water; needs slight wind.

Radiation fog

forms on clear nights with little or no wind and only over land

Upslope fog

moist unstable air is cooled as wind pushes it up a slope, mountains

Precipitation Induced fog

warm rain falls through cool air . Evaporation from the rain saturates the cool air and fog forms .

How does icing affect aircraft performance ? (

LIFT LESSENS

DRAG INCREASES

THRUST FALLS OFF

WEIGHT GROWS

40% less performance

Induction Icing

This includes any icing that impedes that process of air entering the intake manifold to be mixed with fuel .

Ice that builds up on the air intakes is an obvious form of this Carburetor ice is also a form of induction icing . This can be attributed to the incomplete vaporization of fuel in combination with the pressure decrease inside of the venituri .

Even on a day as warm as 70 ° F , carburetor ice can began to form with adequate moisture in the air .

Instrument Icing

Icing of the pitot tube or static ports can cause the instruments to give inaccurate readings or to fail completely .

Structural Icing -

Ice that forms on the surface of the aircraft . Since airfoils create lift by decreasing the pressure and thus the temperature of the air around them , icing on the propeller , horizontal and vertical tail surfaces , and wings can form at ambient temperatures that are above the freering level Structural icing includes

Rime Ice - Small rain drops found in stratified cloods or drizzle freeze upon impact with the airfoil . Air that is trapped between the droplets give the ice a white or epaque appearance . It builds up typically at the leading edge only and has an irregular makes it more easily recognizable to the pilot and easier to remove by deicing equipment .

Clear Ice - Large super - cooled water droplets found in either heavy rain or in cumuliform clouds strike the airfoil but do not freeze immediately . Instead they slide backwards across the surface as they freeze . Clear ice is smooth and glossy making it very difficult to see from the cockpit . Because it adheres to the surface beyond the leading edge it can be difficult to remove

Mixed Ice --Occurs when drops very in size

What types of weather briefings can you get from a Flight Service Station briefer

Standard - Should be requested when planning a flight and no previous weather information has been gathered

Abbreviated - Used to supplement mass disseminated data or to update a previous briefing

Outlook - Request when proposed departure time is 6 or more hours away