A & P II - UNIT 1 & 2 QUIZZES

Flashcards for endocrine system, blood and cardiovascular system based on lecture notes.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Secretion is inhibited by alcohol.

Hormonal stimulus

Does NOT directly control of the nervous system.

Tissue or organ to respond to a hormone

Dependent on the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ.

Posterior pituitary lobe

Not a true endocrine gland because it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.

Steroid hormones

Exert their action by entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene.

Amino acid-based hormones

Require a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Growth hormone (GH)

Anterior pituitary hormone that does NOT target another endocrine gland.

Growth hormone targets

Liver, bones, and skeletal muscles.

Parathyroid gland mechanism

NOT inhibition of calcitonin synthesis.

Mineralocorticoid : Aldosterone

Glucocorticoid : Cortisol

Steroid-based hormone

Epinephrine is NOT a steroid-based hormone.

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus

First enter into the hypophyseal portal system.

Aldosterone

Functions to increase sodium reabsorption.

Second messenger of amino acid-based hormones

Calcium (ion).

Zona reticularis

Gonadocorticoids.

Parathyroid glands stimulus

Humoral.

Growth hormone

Recommended hormone treatment for a 7-year-old girl who is significantly shorter than normal for her age before her growth plates ossify.

Glucagon

Triggers gluconeogenesis.

Cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus

Polycythemia is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus.

Oxytocin

Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism.

High neutrophil count

Likely suffering from a bacterial infection.

Hematocrit percentage

Prolonged or excessive fever has the least effect on hematocrit percentage.

Centrifuged whole blood

Red blood cells have a greater density than white blood cells.

Life-threatening blood loss factors

Loss of blood pressure and loss of oxygen-carrying capacity.

Blood pH

7.35-7.45.

Blood reticulocyte counts

Provide information regarding the rate of erythrocyte formation.

Polycythemia

Low blood viscosity is NOT expected with polycythemia.

Leukocytes

They all contain easily recognizable membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules is NOT true of leukocytes.

Erythrocytes (anemia)

Oxygen transport is the body activity that would be most affected.

Isotonic saline solution

Lowers the patient's hematocrit.

Blood doping

Removing, storing, and re-injecting a person's red blood cells before an athletic event.

Pernicious anemia

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes.

Thrombocytopenia

It increases the risk of embolus formation is NOT true of thrombocytopenia.

Platelet-producing cells

Megakaryocytes.

Erythrocyte production

Kidney.

Plasma osmotic pressure

Albumin.

Loss of fibrinogen

Loss of blood clotting.

Large buffy coat

Severe infection.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Increased hematocrit.

Colony stimulating factor (CSF)

Increased white blood cell count.

Normal heart sounds

Closure of the heart valves.

Atrial systole

After the firing of the sinoatrial node.

Cardiac output

Determined by both a and b.

End systolic volume (ESV)

It would decrease if contraction force were to increase.

End diastolic volume

EDV would decrease when an increase in heart rate is not accompanied by an increase in contractility.

Vagal nerves cut

The heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute.

Isovolumetric relaxation phase

Atrioventricular, aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed.

Intrinsic conduction system

Atrioventricular (AV) valve is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart.

Atrioventricular (AV) valves closed

When the ventricles are in systole.

Ventricular filling

Blood flows mostly passively from the atria through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles.

Hemorrhage

A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output.

Second heart sound

Isovolumetric relaxation.

Cardiac output

A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.

Isovolumetric contraction

Refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers.

Stroke volume (SV)

70 ml / beat given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat.

Mitral valve unable to close properly

Blood could flow back into the left atrium.

Left ventricular wall thicker

Pump blood with greater pressure.

Exercise

Preload increases.

Frank-Starling Law

A higher end diastolic volume will produce a higher stroke volume.

SA node not functioning

No P waves with a HR between 40-60 bpm.

Albumin concentration reduction

Decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur.

Blood flow

Directly proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Inversely proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

Hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed.

Venous blood pressure

Venous anastomoses does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure.

Low pressure blood in the capillary beds

Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation is NOT an accurate description of the benefits.

Reduction in blood volume and pressure

Atrial natriuretic peptide.

Capillaries

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells.

Pulse pressure

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.

During a marathon

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is least likely to be released.

Long-term response to changes in blood pressure

Renal regulation.

Peripheral resistance

Increases as blood viscosity increases.

Fluid flows across capillary walls

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure.

Circulatory shock

Vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone.

Source of blood flow resistance

Blood vessel diameter.

Pulse rate

The vessel selected to palpate does NOT affect a pulse rate reading.

Short-term controls of blood pressure

Altering blood volume is NOT a way blood pressure is controlled.

Diuretic drug

Greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion would NOT be expected from taking a diuretic drug.

Opening precapillary sphincters

A local increase in pH would NOT result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles

Arteriolar blood pressure

Falling blood volume does NOT cause arteriolar blood pressure to increase.

Baroreceptors sensitive to

Changes in arterial pressure.

Identify and explain the four signs of inflammation.

redness - increased blood flow

swelling - edema from build up of fluids

heat - increased blood flow causes increase in temperature

pain - inflammatory responses causes nerves to be more sensitive

Which of the following is considered a primary lymphoid organ?

thymus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

transporting respiratory gases

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.

plasma cells

Which of the following is true of antigens?

Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response.

A cellular component of the innate defenses includes ________.

natural killer cells

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?

mucous membranes

T-cell activation requires ________.

antigen binding and co-stimulation

T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?

They become T helper cells.

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?

IgG

What would be the body’s response if the hypothalamus detected pyrogens?

An increase in body temperature set point

The presence of __________ proteins makes it possible for our immune system to differentiate between our cells and those that are foreign.

MHC

The adaptive immune system involves three major cell types: antigen-presenting cells, T cells, which constitute __________ immunity, and B cells, which govern __________ immunity.

cell-mediated; humoral

Lymphocytes are educated within primary lymphoid organs.  B cells are educated in the __________ while T cells are educated in the __________.

bone marrow; thymus

Which of the following is not an Antigen Present Cell ?

T Lymphocyte

A patient has been immunized against chicken pox. What type of immunity is this?

Artificially acquired active

Of the following classes of antibodies, which can cross the placenta?

IgG

These cells are responsible for tissue graft rejection

Cytotoxic T cells

When antibodies develop against a person’s own cells, this is an example of a(n) __________.

autoimmune disease