USH1 Cumulative Review

Native Americans

* Viewed as savage, wild, and unruly; little clothing; sometimes shown as cannibalistic; sometimes shown with devil horns
* Population declined due to Spanish diseases
* Used by the Spanish as slaves to work their mines and fields
* Were converted by settlers to Christianity
* French exploited alliances and rivalries to establish trade relationships
* Many Huron were converted due to good relationships with priests and the incentive of muskets (France)
* The Netherlands helped the IC remain strong
* British settlers were offered assistance from the natives
* Many wars, misunderstandings, unfair treaties, land loss, death

Jamestown Colony

* est. 1607 by John Smith and the 100 of the VA Company
* first permanent English settlement
* almost destroyed in the first two years by famine, disease, and conflict with the Powhatan
* cultivated tobacco (VA’s first profitable export)
* labor provided by indentured servants
* first Africans arrive in 1619 as indentured servants

Joint-stock company

Investors looking to profit from settlement

Plymouth Colony

* est. by pilgrims in 1620
* created the Mayflower Compact
* first English settlement in NE
* pilgrims sought religious freedom and economic opportunity, but created a colony without religious freedom

Massachusetts Bay Colony

* est. 1630 by Puritans and Mass. Bay Company
* valued strong work ethic, education, and moral virtue
* created a strict theocracy where religious opponents were banished; feared devil and witches
* merged with Plymouth Colony and Maine in 1619

Mayflower Compact

1620 - the first agreement for self-government in America; signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a gov’t for the Plymouth colony.

Indentured Servitude

Contract between two individuals, in which one person worked not for money but to repay an indenture, or load, within a set time period

Slavery

A system of forced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

King Philip’s War

Causes

* Metacomet became leader
* tensions between natives and settlers grew as land demands did
* KP threatened them
* forced to sign a treaty surrendering his guns, and requiring him to get permission to wage war

Circumstances

* Metacomet humiliated by the treaty and formed alliances against the English
* Young warriors began to attack settlements
* KP blamed, warfare broke out in 1675

Outcomes

* War lasted 14 mo.
* towns attacked and burned
* Narragansett were massacred
* natives short of supplies and lost
* KP tracked down and killed, body placed on exhibit
* family captured and sold into slavery

Bacon’s Rebellion

Causes

* land disputes
* complicated relations with natives
* wealth inequity
* Bacon wanted permission from the HoB to clear natives from remote colonial lands, but was denied

Circumstances

* Bacon threatened Berkeley (leader of HoB) and other house members
* Bacon issued the “Declaration of the People”
* led a series of deadly attacks against natives
* looted plantations, gathered slaves and ind. servants

Outcomes

* Jamestown was leveled and the capitol building burned
* wealthy planter elite continues to control local gov’t
* recognized the rights of poor small farmers and former indentured servants
* aggressively cleared frontier lands of natives
* gave all white men the right to vote
* created race-based slavery

Virginia’s House of Burgesses

* 1619
* first elected representative assembly to the 13 colonies
* governor appointed by king
* made up of elected officials (male landowners over 17)

Slavery in the Colonies

* policy introduced after Bacon’s rebellion
* most non-whites sold in
* Africans shipped to the colonies to be a labor force
* never had to be set free; expendable source of labor
* bolstered the economy
* chattel slavery
* controlled with abuse and manipulation; families separated; raped; collateral; tried to resist
* somehow connected to every aspect of the economy

Revolution

A period of change within a community or society that challenges the status quo

Causes:

* unpopular rule
* economic distress
* social injustice
* enlightenment ideas
* nationalism
* religious intolerance

Salutary Neglect

Britain ruled the colonies with a hands off approach. They allowed them to do as they pleased as long as England maintained a favorable balance of trade

Mercantilism

The belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism

* people forced to trade with the mother country
* exploitation
* banned trade with other countries
* causes smuggling, conflict

The Great Awakening

* Evangelical Christian movement in the colonies
* people committed themselves to introspection and a new standard of personal morality
* thousands would gather to hear thousands of traveling ministers, who gave highly emotional speeches that encouraged people to leave their existing churches and embrace new way to worship
* many followed

The French and Indian War (7 years war)

* begins in Ohio River Valley, and extends through Canada
* French win at first, but tide turns toward the Brits when William Pitt pours money into the colonies to defeat the French
* ends with Brits pushing French out of the Ohio River Valley and Canada

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Ben Franklin in 1753 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the crown

Revenue/Sugar Act (1764)

* replacement to the earlier Molasses Act of 1733 and not a means to collect funds
* merchants boycotted the purchase of British luxury goods, beginning non-importation as a tool for protest in the colonies

Committee of Correspondence (1764)

* made to coordinate action and exchange info with other colonies, which proved important in spreading info about British activities and coordinating common protests
* had a part in helping the colonies stay organized

Virginia Resolves (1765)

* five resolves passed by the HoB
* guaranteed the freedoms enjoyed by Virginians to the first two royal charters that had been granted by KJI
* proposed that taxation without representation should be unlawful, and sparked many protests

Stamp Act (1765)

* tax on all legal documents to fund an army
* HoB responded by saying that only the people’s gov’t should have the power to levy taxes, as they knew the people
* caused demonstrations by the Sons of Liberty and Liberty Boys
* tax and stamp collectors feared retribution
* boycott on British goods
* Stamp Act congress formed
* act was repealed

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

* MA Lower House proposed a meeting of reps from the colonies, who met in NY
* Produced a doc called the Declaration of Rights and Grievances
* voiced 14 points of protest
* example of organized and peaceful colonial protest

Sons of Liberty

* violent mob protest of the Stamp Act
* led by powerful men, such as Sam Adams
* comprised of printers and artisans
* attacked homes of people associated with tax collection
* tar & feather; hanging effigies

Quartering Act 1 (1765)

* required colonies to pay for housing of British soldiers stationed in the colonies
* allowed forces to be housed in any unoccupied building
* often violated

Declaratory Act (1766)

* declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act
* stated that the BP had taxing authority in the US
* added to the desire to fight

Townshend Acts (1767)

* acts proposed by Charles Townshend that he did not believe would be protested
* quickly protested, and mostly repealed
* displayed the colonies’ strength in numbers

Revenue Act: placed more taxes on goods such as lead, glass, paints, and tea to generate more money

New York Assembly Act: suspended NY assembly until it agreed to obey the Quartering Act

Board of Customs Act: enforced new taxes created by the Revenue Act by est. a Board of Customs Commission

Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

* due to enforcement of British trade laws and presence of soldiers in the port of Boston, a conflict occurred where soldiers killed five people by firing upon a mob
* To pacify the colonists, the soldiers were tried in MA
* caused an uproar in the colonies, which was suppressed under the guise of a fair trial

Tea Act (1773)

* used by the BP to help the East India Company to get ahead of an economic collapse
* permitted taxless export of their tea to America
* encouraged colonists to buy British tea over smuggled Dutch tea

Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)

* colonial leaders feared that the colonists would buy the East India Company’s tea (taxed)
* In PA and NY, they forced the tea ships to return to England
* In MA, the ship refused, so it was boarded and 300 crates were dumped into Boston harbor
* angered the British gov’t and the East India Company, who wanted to colonists to pay back the lost revenue

Intolerable/Coercive Acts (1774)

* post-Boston Tea Party punishment for MA and the port of Boston
* led to further protest and unification against the British; First Continental Congress
* significant due to its role in uniting the colonies and beginning a more organized rebellion

Boston Port Act: The port of Boston would remain closed until the East India Company received payment for the dumped tea and the Royal Gov't received payment for its lost income that would have been collected

Administration of Justice Act: allowed officials accused of a crime while enforcing laws or dealing with riots to move their trials to a different colony or even to GB

Massachusetts Government Act: replaced the elected upper council of the colony with a council appointed by the King and gave the governor powers to remove officials from power as they saw fit

Quartering Act (2): allowed British soldiers to be stationed in unoccupied buildings

Quebec Act: wiped out colonial claims west of the Appalachian Mountains in favor of the residents of Quebec. Restored some of their former rights and gave them a royal governor and an appointed council

Continental Congresses (1774)

First

* met as a result of the Intolerable Acts to discuss how to solve the crisis
* created the Continental Association to boycott British goods
* example of colonial collaboration

Second

* met and learned that British forces were in Boston and under attack by minutemen
* decided to form the Continental Army, led by GW
* first official army made by colonists

Lexington and Concord (April 18, 1775)

* British troops left Boston to seize munitions in Concord
* spies informed the minutemen, and they assembled along the road from Boston to Lexington
* after the battle, the governor of VA seized the gunpowder from Williamsburg, creating an angry mob that attacked him
* spark that led to true war

Thomas Paine

* American revolutionary
* wrote Common Sense and The American Crisis
* John Adams attributed him to the success of the revolution

Declaration of Independence

* written by Jefferson
* served as a statement of reasons (grievances) for the separation of Britain and the colonies

Grievances:

* refusal to let the colonies pass their own laws
* dissolved colonial gov’ts
* control over justice system
* prevention of trade with other nations
* high, unjustifiable taxes
* sending troops to incite conflict in the colonies

Gives the USA the Right to:

* levy war
* conclude peace
* contract alliances
* establish commerce
* anything that free states may do

Rule of Law

Dictates that public officers make decisions not based on their own desires, but based on the word of the law

Loyalists

Tories, Kings Men

Made of:

* wealthy merchants
* old nobility class
* large planters
* professional men
* conservatives

Patriots

Whigs

Made of:

* small farmers
* artisans
* some large landholders
* about half the population

The Preamble

* part of the US Constitution
* excluded women and minorities from rights
* allowed for the extended existence of slavery, and any other system harmful to women and minorities

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

* first major revolutionary battle
* the Americans could hold their own, but the British weren’t easy to defeat
* Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammo
* the British had Bunker Hill, but faced more deaths

Valley Forge (1777-78)

Resting place of the Continental army over the winter

* a quarter died from disease and malnutrition

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

US victory over Britain that was a turning point

* Gen. Burgonye (GB) made mistakes that cost him 2000 men
* Gen. Horatio Gates (US) makes Bur surrender
* Aided secretly by France and Spain
* France allied with and funded the American Revolution

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

* Last major Revolutionary battle
* Cornwallis and troops were trapped in the Chesapeake bay by the French fleet
* sandwiched between the French navy and American Army
* surrendered October 19, 1781

Treaty of Paris

Agreement signed by British and American leaders stating that the US was free and independent

* B recognizes US independence
* GB removes troops
* Fla returned to Spain
* Congress respects the rights and property of loyalists

Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

* the first constitution of the US
* est. weak central gov’t with limited powers; emphasized state sovereignty
* gov’t lacked the ability to tax, regulate, and enforce laws
* replaced by the Constitution

Democracy

a system of gov'‘t by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives

Federalism

a system of gov’t where one territory is governed by multiple levels of government

Limited Government

a gov’t whose power and force is restricted through laws

Popular Sovereignty

the belief that gov’t is created by and subject to the will of the people

Separation of Powers

having the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of gov’t in separate bodies

Checks and Balances

principle of gov’t where separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches so they can share power

Judicial Review

power of the courts to examine the actions of gov’t and to determine whether such actions are consistent w/ the Constitution

Constitutional Convention (1787)

* Virginia Plan: would create a two house legislature; gives greater powers to the federal gov’t and larger states
* New Jersey Plan: made small changes to the VA Plan; kept states in higher power; made sure that all states had equal power
* Great Compromise: created a two house legislative branch by which HoR reps would be determined by state pop. and Senate reps would be the same in every state
* Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of slaves in a state would be counted towards the population for HoR representatives

Ratify

to approve of something, in this case a law

Federalists

* strong fed gov’t with pop. sov, checks and balances, separation of powers, federalism, limited gov’t
* strong gov’t but not a monarchy

Anti-Federalists

* powerful state gov’ts
* a stong fed gov’t will overpower and harm the country
* believed that the pres would be a king and take over the gov’t and remove people’s rights

George Washington

* former general of the Continental Army
* 2 terms in office: 1789-1797
* 16 states by the end of his term
* proclamation of neutrality
* elected unanimously
* took title of Mr. President

Farewell Adress

* GW’s precedent
* recommended staying away from political parties and foreign entanglements

Whiskey Rebellion

* protest of the federal gov’t due to a tax on whiskey
* GW sent a militia to put down this rebellion
* was the first time under the Constitution of 1787 that the gov’t had used to military to enforce the laws

Judiciary Act of 1789

An act that provided details surrounding the setup of the courts, its powers, and the people's powers in order to fill up gaps left by the writers of the Constitution, who had only stated the Supreme and lower courts' existences

1st Bank of the United States

* very controversial
* desired in the north by Federalists; opposed in the south by D-Rs
* established with the agreement that the nation’s capital by moved to the South

More Federalists

* led by Hamilton
* appealed to merchants, the wealthy and educated, city dwellers
* favored strong fed. gov’t and loose interpretation of Constitution (implies powers)
* supported bank and excise tax
* believed debt was good for the country, and the gov’t should assume state debt, high tariffs
* favored British

Democratic-Republicans

* led by Jefferson and Madison
* appealed to farmers, south, and west
* favored state’s rights over the fed gov’t and a strict interpretation of the Constitution
* opposed the bank and excise tax
* believed states should pay their own debt and tariffs should below
* supported the French rev

Battle Over the Bank

* Jefferson (D-R) vs. Hamilton (F)
* TJ believed that assuming state debt would only benefit the North, that farming is more beneficial, and the bank would just take money from the south
* AH believed that the bank would strengthen the country/economy, and argued that TJ never had to fight, and the South had free slave labor

Compromise of 1790

* solved bank issue
* AH won the decisions for the national gov’t to take over and pay state debts
* TJ obtained the national capital (DC) for the South

Elastic Clause

Rule + (Necessary + Proper) = Elastic Clause

John Adams

* 2nd president (from MA)
* served 1 term
* Federalist
* opposed slavery; supported women’s rights

XYZ Affair

A political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War

* Caused by France's anger over American isolationism, and their impressment of American sailors
* French diplomats demanded a bribe of 10 million and threatened the US

Alien Act

In the case of any act of war, non-citizen immigrant males over the age of 14 from that country could be detained or deported.

Sedition Act

* Made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish... any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the government
* Could be seen as violating the First Amendment, but counterarguments state that it does not because it keeps harm from coming to the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

* Jefferson, Madison, and other Republicans respond to the Sedition Act, as they think that it violates first amendment rights
* VA and KY adopt resolutions stating that states have the right to decide if federal laws are unconstitutional
* The resolutions were not enforced, but demonstrated a challenge to federal power

Election of 1800

* Candidates were Thomas Jefferson (D-R), Aaron Burr (D-R), John Adams (F), and Charles C. Pinckney (F)
* TJ and AB tied initially
* TJ won after 36 House election

Significance

* This was the first time there were two very opposing views in an election
* Potential for big change
* Change in the constitution
* Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another

Thomas Jefferson

* elected in 1800
* bought Louisiana Territory from France
* Embargo act of 1807
* Slave owner
* D-R

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

* Sold by Napoleon on account of the Haitian Revolution
* Bought by Thomas Jefferson
* Ended French presence in the US
* Double the country's size
* Gave access to the port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River
* Gave the US international significance
* The purchase was shocking because it went against TJ's goals and principles (increased debt and stretched government power)
* Land was used for trade, farming, stability, and international importance

Lewis and Clark Expedition

* Merriwether Lewis, William Clark, Sacagawea, Toussaint Charbonneau
* Object of the expedition was to create relations with native tribes, and chart the territory gained from the Louisiana Purchase
* They faced harsh winters, rugged terrain, mountains
* Created good relations with the natives, charted land, and recorded and collected plants and animals

Important Mashall Court Cases

Marbury v. Madison

* William Marbury demanded to be given his papers from Madison affirming his position as justice of the peace
* ruled in favor of Madson
* solidified judicial review for the SC which stated they could declare a law unconstitutional

McCulloch v. Maryland

* McCulloch taken to trial for neglecting to collect state tax on the US bank
* ruled in favor of the fed gov’t, saying that states couldn’t tax a federal institution
* strengthened the fed gov’t's power and the elastic clause

Gibbons v. Ogden

* Supreme court case between two ferry line owners. Ogden had a monopoly granted by NY to run his line between NY and NJ, but Gibbons set up his own line without state permission
* ruled in favor of Gibbons
* expanded federal power over interstate trade and limited state power

Embargo Act of 1807

Causes:

* War in Europe between France and GB
* Jay's Treaty expired in 1805
* France harassed American ships that were trading with Britain
* British impressment of American sailors and the attack of the USS Chesapeake
* Jefferson issues an embargo outlawing almost all trade between the US and foreign countries

Effects:

* GB and France unaffected
* American commercial interests are hurt most - many start smuggling goods illegally
* TJ sends federal agents to enforce the law
* Angers Americans, especially those in his own party, since it demonstrates an overuse of federal powers in their minds
* Repealed by Congress in March 1809

The War of 1812

* British were impressing American sailors
* Madison bans all trade with France and Great Britain
* Settlers in the NW territory are fighting Natives for land. Americans accuse the British of instigating these wars and helping the Natives
* June 18, 1812 - US Congress declares war on Great Britain
* The British almost win
* GB sends more troops and burns Washington D.C. - set fire to the Capitol building and the White House
* Treaty of Ghent (city in Belgium) ultimately ends the war
* The US achieves none of its goals, but GB must recognize the US as independent

Monroe Doctrine

The statement by President Monroe urging European nations to stay out of North and South America. It made clear that the US wanted out of foreign affairs, and that they were willing to protect the rights of new nations in South America that had recently experienced revolutions. Solidified the US policy of isolationism.

Erie Canal

* connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes
* built by hand over a span of 8 years, costing 7 million dollars
* provided a water route of transportation for goods to states such as Ohio
* brought people and ideas westward

Sectionalism

Division as a result of differing economies and opinions in the North and South

* agriculture vs. industry; slavery

Economic Revolutions

Industrial Revolution: beginning in England in the 1700s, new inventions and discoveries led to increased production through the use of machines powered by sources other than humans and animals

Market Revolution: shift from a home-based, often agricultural economy to one based on money and the buying and selling of goods. This change occurred because of the Industrial Revolution

Cotton Gin

* Invented by Eli Whitney
* Used to clean the seeds out of short-fiber cotton
* Significantly reduced the time and labor needed to clean cotton
* Increased the demand for slaves to plant and pick cotton as the cotton industry boomed in the South and the textile industry grew in the North

American System

* (Protective) Tariff of 1816: tax that made European goods more expensive in the US to encourage buying American made goods
* National Bank
* Internal Improvements: roads, canals, transportation
* Public lands in the West to be sold rather than given away (via land grants) so the proceeds could be used for education and internal improvements

Goals:

* economic development and diversification
* reduced dependence on imports
* unify the different sections of the country

Nationalism

A sense of national unity; seeing the country as independent and united

Causes:

* National bank
* election of Monroe (landslide victory; political unity)
* Monroe Doctrine
* Louisiana Purchase; Louis and Clark Expedition
* interstate commerce
* American System
* Erie Canal
* War of 1812

Shown in art, literature, music

Corrupt Bargain and John Quincy Adams

* Henry Clay favored Adams when the 1824 election was thrown to the house
* JQA won the election, but Jackson(opponent) found it to be unfair
* Adams wanted to improve US sciences, arts, exploration, and federal powers

Andrew Jackson

* 7th president
* first president not from VA or MA
* Very popular - “Man of the People”
* hero of the Battle of New Orleans
* rebel soldier
* Corrupt Bargain victim
* served 2 terms starting in 1828
* believed that the gov’t should be responsive to the people
* TN slaveholder - the Hermitage

Jacksonian Democracy: movement for more democracy led by Andrew Jackson in the 1830s

* later in his presidency, people saw him as a threat to the nation due to his poor reforms

Spoils System

Presidents can remove parts of the old gov’t and replace those officials with their friends and allies

Tariff of Abomonations

* protected northern manufacturing at the expense of the south
* Calhoun (SC) writes the nullification bill which meant that the tariff was not enforced in the state
* Jackson passes the Force Bill (sends troops) to enforce the tariff
* SC threatens to secede
* HC made the compromise

Nullification Crisis

* dispute over the Tariff of 1828
* preview for the Civil War (SC secedes)
* regional differences increasing
* questions about “union” between the north and south

Indian Removal Act

Andrew Jackson's plan to expand the American population into lands previously occupied by the natives. This plan dictated their relocation to other portions of the United States in order to "avoid conflict" and "benefit both Americans and the natives" through "voluntary" means. It allowed the natives to maintain their way of life.Trail of

Trail of Tears

The native's name for the 800 mile forced march of the Cherokee nation into Oklahoma. This was part of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act

Martin van Buren

* President after Andrew Jackson
* Changes very little when he enters office
* same cabinet
* same beliefs
* independent treasury system
* against annexation
* poorly handled the Panic of 1837, domestic issues

Reform Movements During the Early 1800s

Second Great Awakening: an evangelical religious revival because of a decline in religious devotion

Prison Reform: Dorothea Dix’s campaign for better conditions and facilities for prisoners and the mentally ill

Utopian Communities: movement for the creation of Utopias, where there is no human greed, sin, or egotism

Public Education: the formation of a public education system for the whole country

Temperance: a push for the prohibition of the sale, manufacture, or transport of alcohol

Transcendentalism: a 19th-century movement based on the belief of unity and innate goodness

Abolition: the movement that encouraged the abolition of chattel slavery in the US

Abolitionist Movement

The movement, beginning in the early to mid-1800s, that encouraged the abolition of chattel slavery in the United States

* Goals:
* abolish slavery
* prevent the spread of slavery
* Methods:
* protest (violent and nonviolent)
* many forms of resistance
* anti-slavery literature
* Outcomes:
* slavery was eventually abolished
* Success:
* YES: slavery was abolished
* SORT OF: it took a war for this to happen
* SORT OF: the movement was divided over strategy, race, and women’s involvement

People:

* David Walker
* Lucretia Mott
* Angelina and Sarah Grimke
* Sojourner Truth
* Harriet Tubman
* Frederick Douglass
* William Lloyd Garrison

Women’s Rights Movement

General:

* Fed off of the abolitionist movement
* Gave women a bigger place in politics
* Faced much criticism
* Many people believed that women had no place in politics
* Challenged the Status Quo

Arguments

* For:
* human rights rather than men’s or women’s rights
* there was a power imbalance that needed to be sorted
* if slaves got rights, women needed them too
* Against:
* there is a natural social order that needs to be followed
* women still have the ability to make change by winning the hearts of the people
* god-given system
* People:
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* William Lloyd Garrison

Republican Motherhood

The concept that women in America could influence the future through raising their sons

* also provided them with education

Cult of Domesticity

* Described a women’s place as being within the home
* Job was to provide domestic support to her husband, who would go out and work to make things
* Banned women from work
* Supposed to produce “non-market values”
* positive emotions
* Embraced by many men and women at the time

Seneca Falls Convention

First women’s rights conference

* discussed women’s rights and issues
* began the public career of modern feminist analysis

Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments

* modified version of the DoI
* demanded that the rights of women as right-bearing individuals be acknowledged and respected by society