Native Americans
Viewed as savage, wild, and unruly; little clothing; sometimes shown as cannibalistic; sometimes shown with devil horns
Population declined due to Spanish diseases
Used by the Spanish as slaves to work their mines and fields
Were converted by settlers to Christianity
French exploited alliances and rivalries to establish trade relationships
Many Huron were converted due to good relationships with priests and the incentive of muskets (France)
The Netherlands helped the IC remain strong
British settlers were offered assistance from the natives
Many wars, misunderstandings, unfair treaties, land loss, death
Jamestown Colony
est. 1607 by John Smith and the 100 of the VA Company
first permanent English settlement
almost destroyed in the first two years by famine, disease, and conflict with the Powhatan
cultivated tobacco (VA’s first profitable export)
labor provided by indentured servants
first Africans arrive in 1619 as indentured servants
Joint-stock company
Investors looking to profit from settlement
Plymouth Colony
est. by pilgrims in 1620
created the Mayflower Compact
first English settlement in NE
pilgrims sought religious freedom and economic opportunity, but created a colony without religious freedom
Massachusetts Bay Colony
est. 1630 by Puritans and Mass. Bay Company
valued strong work ethic, education, and moral virtue
created a strict theocracy where religious opponents were banished; feared devil and witches
merged with Plymouth Colony and Maine in 1619
Mayflower Compact
1620 - the first agreement for self-government in America; signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a gov’t for the Plymouth colony.
Indentured Servitude
Contract between two individuals, in which one person worked not for money but to repay an indenture, or load, within a set time period
Slavery
A system of forced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Pilgrims
English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620
King Philip’s War
Causes
Metacomet became leader
tensions between natives and settlers grew as land demands did
KP threatened them
forced to sign a treaty surrendering his guns, and requiring him to get permission to wage war
Circumstances
Metacomet humiliated by the treaty and formed alliances against the English
Young warriors began to attack settlements
KP blamed, warfare broke out in 1675
Outcomes
War lasted 14 mo.
towns attacked and burned
Narragansett were massacred
natives short of supplies and lost
KP tracked down and killed, body placed on exhibit
family captured and sold into slavery
Bacon’s Rebellion
Causes
land disputes
complicated relations with natives
wealth inequity
Bacon wanted permission from the HoB to clear natives from remote colonial lands, but was denied
Circumstances
Bacon threatened Berkeley (leader of HoB) and other house members
Bacon issued the “Declaration of the People”
led a series of deadly attacks against natives
looted plantations, gathered slaves and ind. servants
Outcomes
Jamestown was leveled and the capitol building burned
wealthy planter elite continues to control local gov’t
recognized the rights of poor small farmers and former indentured servants
aggressively cleared frontier lands of natives
gave all white men the right to vote
created race-based slavery
Virginia’s House of Burgesses
1619
first elected representative assembly to the 13 colonies
governor appointed by king
made up of elected officials (male landowners over 17)
Slavery in the Colonies
policy introduced after Bacon’s rebellion
most non-whites sold in
Africans shipped to the colonies to be a labor force
never had to be set free; expendable source of labor
bolstered the economy
chattel slavery
controlled with abuse and manipulation; families separated; raped; collateral; tried to resist
somehow connected to every aspect of the economy
Revolution
A period of change within a community or society that challenges the status quo
Causes:
unpopular rule
economic distress
social injustice
enlightenment ideas
nationalism
religious intolerance
Salutary Neglect
Britain ruled the colonies with a hands off approach. They allowed them to do as they pleased as long as England maintained a favorable balance of trade
Mercantilism
The belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism
people forced to trade with the mother country
exploitation
banned trade with other countries
causes smuggling, conflict
The Great Awakening
Evangelical Christian movement in the colonies
people committed themselves to introspection and a new standard of personal morality
thousands would gather to hear thousands of traveling ministers, who gave highly emotional speeches that encouraged people to leave their existing churches and embrace new way to worship
many followed
The French and Indian War (7 years war)
begins in Ohio River Valley, and extends through Canada
French win at first, but tide turns toward the Brits when William Pitt pours money into the colonies to defeat the French
ends with Brits pushing French out of the Ohio River Valley and Canada
Albany Plan of Union
plan proposed by Ben Franklin in 1753 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the crown
Revenue/Sugar Act (1764)
replacement to the earlier Molasses Act of 1733 and not a means to collect funds
merchants boycotted the purchase of British luxury goods, beginning non-importation as a tool for protest in the colonies
Committee of Correspondence (1764)
made to coordinate action and exchange info with other colonies, which proved important in spreading info about British activities and coordinating common protests
had a part in helping the colonies stay organized
Virginia Resolves (1765)
five resolves passed by the HoB
guaranteed the freedoms enjoyed by Virginians to the first two royal charters that had been granted by KJI
proposed that taxation without representation should be unlawful, and sparked many protests
Stamp Act (1765)
tax on all legal documents to fund an army
HoB responded by saying that only the people’s gov’t should have the power to levy taxes, as they knew the people
caused demonstrations by the Sons of Liberty and Liberty Boys
tax and stamp collectors feared retribution
boycott on British goods
Stamp Act congress formed
act was repealed
Stamp Act Congress (1765)
MA Lower House proposed a meeting of reps from the colonies, who met in NY
Produced a doc called the Declaration of Rights and Grievances
voiced 14 points of protest
example of organized and peaceful colonial protest
Sons of Liberty
violent mob protest of the Stamp Act
led by powerful men, such as Sam Adams
comprised of printers and artisans
attacked homes of people associated with tax collection
tar & feather; hanging effigies
Quartering Act 1 (1765)
required colonies to pay for housing of British soldiers stationed in the colonies
allowed forces to be housed in any unoccupied building
often violated
Declaratory Act (1766)
declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act
stated that the BP had taxing authority in the US
added to the desire to fight
Townshend Acts (1767)
acts proposed by Charles Townshend that he did not believe would be protested
quickly protested, and mostly repealed
displayed the colonies’ strength in numbers
Revenue Act: placed more taxes on goods such as lead, glass, paints, and tea to generate more money
New York Assembly Act: suspended NY assembly until it agreed to obey the Quartering Act
Board of Customs Act: enforced new taxes created by the Revenue Act by est. a Board of Customs Commission
Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)
due to enforcement of British trade laws and presence of soldiers in the port of Boston, a conflict occurred where soldiers killed five people by firing upon a mob
To pacify the colonists, the soldiers were tried in MA
caused an uproar in the colonies, which was suppressed under the guise of a fair trial
Tea Act (1773)
used by the BP to help the East India Company to get ahead of an economic collapse
permitted taxless export of their tea to America
encouraged colonists to buy British tea over smuggled Dutch tea
Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)
colonial leaders feared that the colonists would buy the East India Company’s tea (taxed)
In PA and NY, they forced the tea ships to return to England
In MA, the ship refused, so it was boarded and 300 crates were dumped into Boston harbor
angered the British gov’t and the East India Company, who wanted to colonists to pay back the lost revenue
Intolerable/Coercive Acts (1774)
post-Boston Tea Party punishment for MA and the port of Boston
led to further protest and unification against the British; First Continental Congress
significant due to its role in uniting the colonies and beginning a more organized rebellion
Boston Port Act: The port of Boston would remain closed until the East India Company received payment for the dumped tea and the Royal Gov't received payment for its lost income that would have been collected
Administration of Justice Act: allowed officials accused of a crime while enforcing laws or dealing with riots to move their trials to a different colony or even to GB
Massachusetts Government Act: replaced the elected upper council of the colony with a council appointed by the King and gave the governor powers to remove officials from power as they saw fit
Quartering Act (2): allowed British soldiers to be stationed in unoccupied buildings
Quebec Act: wiped out colonial claims west of the Appalachian Mountains in favor of the residents of Quebec. Restored some of their former rights and gave them a royal governor and an appointed council
Continental Congresses (1774)
First
met as a result of the Intolerable Acts to discuss how to solve the crisis
created the Continental Association to boycott British goods
example of colonial collaboration
Second
met and learned that British forces were in Boston and under attack by minutemen
decided to form the Continental Army, led by GW
first official army made by colonists
Lexington and Concord (April 18, 1775)
British troops left Boston to seize munitions in Concord
spies informed the minutemen, and they assembled along the road from Boston to Lexington
after the battle, the governor of VA seized the gunpowder from Williamsburg, creating an angry mob that attacked him
spark that led to true war
Thomas Paine
American revolutionary
wrote Common Sense and The American Crisis
John Adams attributed him to the success of the revolution
Declaration of Independence
written by Jefferson
served as a statement of reasons (grievances) for the separation of Britain and the colonies
Grievances:
refusal to let the colonies pass their own laws
dissolved colonial gov’ts
control over justice system
prevention of trade with other nations
high, unjustifiable taxes
sending troops to incite conflict in the colonies
Gives the USA the Right to:
levy war
conclude peace
contract alliances
establish commerce
anything that free states may do
Rule of Law
Dictates that public officers make decisions not based on their own desires, but based on the word of the law
Loyalists
Tories, Kings Men
Made of:
wealthy merchants
old nobility class
large planters
professional men
conservatives
Patriots
Whigs
Made of:
small farmers
artisans
some large landholders
about half the population
The Preamble
part of the US Constitution
excluded women and minorities from rights
allowed for the extended existence of slavery, and any other system harmful to women and minorities
Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)
first major revolutionary battle
the Americans could hold their own, but the British weren’t easy to defeat
Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammo
the British had Bunker Hill, but faced more deaths
Valley Forge (1777-78)
Resting place of the Continental army over the winter
a quarter died from disease and malnutrition
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
US victory over Britain that was a turning point
Gen. Burgonye (GB) made mistakes that cost him 2000 men
Gen. Horatio Gates (US) makes Bur surrender
Aided secretly by France and Spain
France allied with and funded the American Revolution
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Last major Revolutionary battle
Cornwallis and troops were trapped in the Chesapeake bay by the French fleet
sandwiched between the French navy and American Army
surrendered October 19, 1781
Treaty of Paris
Agreement signed by British and American leaders stating that the US was free and independent
B recognizes US independence
GB removes troops
Fla returned to Spain
Congress respects the rights and property of loyalists
Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)
the first constitution of the US
est. weak central gov’t with limited powers; emphasized state sovereignty
gov’t lacked the ability to tax, regulate, and enforce laws
replaced by the Constitution
Democracy
a system of gov'‘t by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
Federalism
a system of gov’t where one territory is governed by multiple levels of government
Limited Government
a gov’t whose power and force is restricted through laws
Popular Sovereignty
the belief that gov’t is created by and subject to the will of the people
Separation of Powers
having the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of gov’t in separate bodies
Checks and Balances
principle of gov’t where separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches so they can share power
Judicial Review
power of the courts to examine the actions of gov’t and to determine whether such actions are consistent w/ the Constitution
Constitutional Convention (1787)
Virginia Plan: would create a two house legislature; gives greater powers to the federal gov’t and larger states
New Jersey Plan: made small changes to the VA Plan; kept states in higher power; made sure that all states had equal power
Great Compromise: created a two house legislative branch by which HoR reps would be determined by state pop. and Senate reps would be the same in every state
Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of slaves in a state would be counted towards the population for HoR representatives
Ratify
to approve of something, in this case a law
Federalists
strong fed gov’t with pop. sov, checks and balances, separation of powers, federalism, limited gov’t
strong gov’t but not a monarchy
Anti-Federalists
powerful state gov’ts
a stong fed gov’t will overpower and harm the country
believed that the pres would be a king and take over the gov’t and remove people’s rights
George Washington
former general of the Continental Army
2 terms in office: 1789-1797
16 states by the end of his term
proclamation of neutrality
elected unanimously
took title of Mr. President
Farewell Adress
GW’s precedent
recommended staying away from political parties and foreign entanglements
Whiskey Rebellion
protest of the federal gov’t due to a tax on whiskey
GW sent a militia to put down this rebellion
was the first time under the Constitution of 1787 that the gov’t had used to military to enforce the laws
Judiciary Act of 1789
An act that provided details surrounding the setup of the courts, its powers, and the people's powers in order to fill up gaps left by the writers of the Constitution, who had only stated the Supreme and lower courts' existences
1st Bank of the United States
very controversial
desired in the north by Federalists; opposed in the south by D-Rs
established with the agreement that the nation’s capital by moved to the South
More Federalists
led by Hamilton
appealed to merchants, the wealthy and educated, city dwellers
favored strong fed. gov’t and loose interpretation of Constitution (implies powers)
supported bank and excise tax
believed debt was good for the country, and the gov’t should assume state debt, high tariffs
favored British
Democratic-Republicans
led by Jefferson and Madison
appealed to farmers, south, and west
favored state’s rights over the fed gov’t and a strict interpretation of the Constitution
opposed the bank and excise tax
believed states should pay their own debt and tariffs should below
supported the French rev
Battle Over the Bank
Jefferson (D-R) vs. Hamilton (F)
TJ believed that assuming state debt would only benefit the North, that farming is more beneficial, and the bank would just take money from the south
AH believed that the bank would strengthen the country/economy, and argued that TJ never had to fight, and the South had free slave labor
Compromise of 1790
solved bank issue
AH won the decisions for the national gov’t to take over and pay state debts
TJ obtained the national capital (DC) for the South
Elastic Clause
Rule + (Necessary + Proper) = Elastic Clause
John Adams
2nd president (from MA)
served 1 term
Federalist
opposed slavery; supported women’s rights
XYZ Affair
A political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War
Caused by France's anger over American isolationism, and their impressment of American sailors
French diplomats demanded a bribe of 10 million and threatened the US
Alien Act
In the case of any act of war, non-citizen immigrant males over the age of 14 from that country could be detained or deported.
Sedition Act
Made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish... any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the government
Could be seen as violating the First Amendment, but counterarguments state that it does not because it keeps harm from coming to the government
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson, Madison, and other Republicans respond to the Sedition Act, as they think that it violates first amendment rights
VA and KY adopt resolutions stating that states have the right to decide if federal laws are unconstitutional
The resolutions were not enforced, but demonstrated a challenge to federal power
Election of 1800
Candidates were Thomas Jefferson (D-R), Aaron Burr (D-R), John Adams (F), and Charles C. Pinckney (F)
TJ and AB tied initially
TJ won after 36 House election
Significance
This was the first time there were two very opposing views in an election
Potential for big change
Change in the constitution
Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another
Thomas Jefferson
elected in 1800
bought Louisiana Territory from France
Embargo act of 1807
Slave owner
D-R
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Sold by Napoleon on account of the Haitian Revolution
Bought by Thomas Jefferson
Ended French presence in the US
Double the country's size
Gave access to the port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River
Gave the US international significance
The purchase was shocking because it went against TJ's goals and principles (increased debt and stretched government power)
Land was used for trade, farming, stability, and international importance
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Merriwether Lewis, William Clark, Sacagawea, Toussaint Charbonneau
Object of the expedition was to create relations with native tribes, and chart the territory gained from the Louisiana Purchase
They faced harsh winters, rugged terrain, mountains
Created good relations with the natives, charted land, and recorded and collected plants and animals
Important Mashall Court Cases
Marbury v. Madison
William Marbury demanded to be given his papers from Madison affirming his position as justice of the peace
ruled in favor of Madson
solidified judicial review for the SC which stated they could declare a law unconstitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch taken to trial for neglecting to collect state tax on the US bank
ruled in favor of the fed gov’t, saying that states couldn’t tax a federal institution
strengthened the fed gov’t's power and the elastic clause
Gibbons v. Ogden
Supreme court case between two ferry line owners. Ogden had a monopoly granted by NY to run his line between NY and NJ, but Gibbons set up his own line without state permission
ruled in favor of Gibbons
expanded federal power over interstate trade and limited state power
Embargo Act of 1807
Causes:
War in Europe between France and GB
Jay's Treaty expired in 1805
France harassed American ships that were trading with Britain
British impressment of American sailors and the attack of the USS Chesapeake
Jefferson issues an embargo outlawing almost all trade between the US and foreign countries
Effects:
GB and France unaffected
American commercial interests are hurt most - many start smuggling goods illegally
TJ sends federal agents to enforce the law
Angers Americans, especially those in his own party, since it demonstrates an overuse of federal powers in their minds
Repealed by Congress in March 1809
The War of 1812
British were impressing American sailors
Madison bans all trade with France and Great Britain
Settlers in the NW territory are fighting Natives for land. Americans accuse the British of instigating these wars and helping the Natives
June 18, 1812 - US Congress declares war on Great Britain
The British almost win
GB sends more troops and burns Washington D.C. - set fire to the Capitol building and the White House
Treaty of Ghent (city in Belgium) ultimately ends the war
The US achieves none of its goals, but GB must recognize the US as independent
Monroe Doctrine
The statement by President Monroe urging European nations to stay out of North and South America. It made clear that the US wanted out of foreign affairs, and that they were willing to protect the rights of new nations in South America that had recently experienced revolutions. Solidified the US policy of isolationism.
Erie Canal
connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes
built by hand over a span of 8 years, costing 7 million dollars
provided a water route of transportation for goods to states such as Ohio
brought people and ideas westward
Sectionalism
Division as a result of differing economies and opinions in the North and South
agriculture vs. industry; slavery
Economic Revolutions
Industrial Revolution: beginning in England in the 1700s, new inventions and discoveries led to increased production through the use of machines powered by sources other than humans and animals
Market Revolution: shift from a home-based, often agricultural economy to one based on money and the buying and selling of goods. This change occurred because of the Industrial Revolution
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney
Used to clean the seeds out of short-fiber cotton
Significantly reduced the time and labor needed to clean cotton
Increased the demand for slaves to plant and pick cotton as the cotton industry boomed in the South and the textile industry grew in the North
American System
(Protective) Tariff of 1816: tax that made European goods more expensive in the US to encourage buying American made goods
National Bank
Internal Improvements: roads, canals, transportation
Public lands in the West to be sold rather than given away (via land grants) so the proceeds could be used for education and internal improvements
Goals:
economic development and diversification
reduced dependence on imports
unify the different sections of the country
Nationalism
A sense of national unity; seeing the country as independent and united
Causes:
National bank
election of Monroe (landslide victory; political unity)
Monroe Doctrine
Louisiana Purchase; Louis and Clark Expedition
interstate commerce
American System
Erie Canal
War of 1812
Shown in art, literature, music
Corrupt Bargain and John Quincy Adams
Henry Clay favored Adams when the 1824 election was thrown to the house
JQA won the election, but Jackson(opponent) found it to be unfair
Adams wanted to improve US sciences, arts, exploration, and federal powers
Andrew Jackson
7th president
first president not from VA or MA
Very popular - “Man of the People”
hero of the Battle of New Orleans
rebel soldier
Corrupt Bargain victim
served 2 terms starting in 1828
believed that the gov’t should be responsive to the people
TN slaveholder - the Hermitage
Jacksonian Democracy: movement for more democracy led by Andrew Jackson in the 1830s
later in his presidency, people saw him as a threat to the nation due to his poor reforms
Spoils System
Presidents can remove parts of the old gov’t and replace those officials with their friends and allies
Tariff of Abomonations
protected northern manufacturing at the expense of the south
Calhoun (SC) writes the nullification bill which meant that the tariff was not enforced in the state
Jackson passes the Force Bill (sends troops) to enforce the tariff
SC threatens to secede
HC made the compromise
Nullification Crisis
dispute over the Tariff of 1828
preview for the Civil War (SC secedes)
regional differences increasing
questions about “union” between the north and south
Indian Removal Act
Andrew Jackson's plan to expand the American population into lands previously occupied by the natives. This plan dictated their relocation to other portions of the United States in order to "avoid conflict" and "benefit both Americans and the natives" through "voluntary" means. It allowed the natives to maintain their way of life.Trail of
Trail of Tears
The native's name for the 800 mile forced march of the Cherokee nation into Oklahoma. This was part of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act
Martin van Buren
President after Andrew Jackson
Changes very little when he enters office
same cabinet
same beliefs
independent treasury system
against annexation
poorly handled the Panic of 1837, domestic issues
Reform Movements During the Early 1800s
Second Great Awakening: an evangelical religious revival because of a decline in religious devotion
Prison Reform: Dorothea Dix’s campaign for better conditions and facilities for prisoners and the mentally ill
Utopian Communities: movement for the creation of Utopias, where there is no human greed, sin, or egotism
Public Education: the formation of a public education system for the whole country
Temperance: a push for the prohibition of the sale, manufacture, or transport of alcohol
Transcendentalism: a 19th-century movement based on the belief of unity and innate goodness
Abolition: the movement that encouraged the abolition of chattel slavery in the US
Abolitionist Movement
The movement, beginning in the early to mid-1800s, that encouraged the abolition of chattel slavery in the United States
Goals:
abolish slavery
prevent the spread of slavery
Methods:
protest (violent and nonviolent)
many forms of resistance
anti-slavery literature
Outcomes:
slavery was eventually abolished
Success:
YES: slavery was abolished
SORT OF: it took a war for this to happen
SORT OF: the movement was divided over strategy, race, and women’s involvement
People:
David Walker
Lucretia Mott
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Women’s Rights Movement
General:
Fed off of the abolitionist movement
Gave women a bigger place in politics
Faced much criticism
Many people believed that women had no place in politics
Challenged the Status Quo
Arguments
For:
human rights rather than men’s or women’s rights
there was a power imbalance that needed to be sorted
if slaves got rights, women needed them too
Against:
there is a natural social order that needs to be followed
women still have the ability to make change by winning the hearts of the people
god-given system
People:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
William Lloyd Garrison
Republican Motherhood
The concept that women in America could influence the future through raising their sons
also provided them with education
Cult of Domesticity
Described a women’s place as being within the home
Job was to provide domestic support to her husband, who would go out and work to make things
Banned women from work
Supposed to produce “non-market values”
positive emotions
Embraced by many men and women at the time
Seneca Falls Convention
First women’s rights conference
discussed women’s rights and issues
began the public career of modern feminist analysis
Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments
modified version of the DoI
demanded that the rights of women as right-bearing individuals be acknowledged and respected by society