ANTH 1210 Final Prep

T/ F Anthropology can be applied to practical issues outside the university setting.

True

Which statement best summarizes the relationship between environment and human behavior with regard to the anthropological approach?

Human behaviour can be understood as a culturally conditioned response to environmental stimuli

The attempt to evaluate and understand a custom in the context of one's own culture is called:

ethnocentrism

T/F Forensic anthropology is an applied subfield, which benefits from a background in physical anthropology.

True

Which of the following is characteristic of the anthropological approach?

an emphasis on holism

T/F The modern human predisposition to assimilate culture and function within it has been profoundly influenced by biological factors.

True

Primatology is the study of

living nonhuman primates

T/F Anthropology began as a specialized discipline in the 19th century within a theoretical school called evolutionism.

True

T/F The anthropological perspective proposes to broaden our viewpoint though time and space.

True

Which of the following does not apply to theories

Specific statements of scientific relationships that have not been verified

According to the principle of independent assortment there is a __________chance that any tall pea plant will produce either yellow or green peas.

50 percent - review why though.

According to the text, which of the following best describes Linnaeus?

He developed a system for classifying plants and animals

"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's

reproductive success

Which DNA base does adenine always pair with?

thymine

Which of the following types of traits are governed by more than one genetic locus?

polygenic

The presence of a high incidence of sickle cell anemia in West Africa because of malaria resistance among individuals who are heterozygous for the trait is an example of:

natural selection

Who proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than do food supplies?

Thomas Malthus

T/F A manifestation of sickle-cell anemia is the abnormal hemoglobin S reduces the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body.

True

A gene is associated on a one to one basis with the production of:

a protein chain

Genetic drift is:

a random change in gene frequencies from one generation to the next

In the event of dramatic changes in the world environment,

greater genetic diversity might be an evolutionary advantage

T/F The majority of modern anthropologists regard biological determinism as a valid mode of explaining human racial differences.

False

Allen's rule states that:

people in warm climates tend to have longer arms and legs

Thanks to modern medicine, many infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera are no longer a threat to human populations.

False

The frequency of the allele for O-type blood is almost 100 percent in indigenous

South Americans

The eugenics movement

is now a discredited view of racial purity

What do molecular studies indicate with regards to human population genetics?

there is MORE genetic diversity WITHIN populations than BEETWEEN them

Lewontin's study on continental races found ___ percent of human variation could be accounted for on the basis of a racial model.

6%

Which of the following is one reason why the race concept does not hold?

The populations it describes are not reproductively isolated

Sweating

permits cooling through evaporation

Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired through descent from a common ancestor are:

homologies

When assessing evolutionary relationships, one approach is to focus on derived (modified) characteristics. What is this approach called?

cladistics

Continental drift

is the movement of the continents on the Earth's surface

T/F Vertebrate fossils are found as far back as the Paleozoic.

True

The field that specializes in establishing the rules of classification is called _______

Taxonomy

Which is the most accurate way to describe sexual dimorphism?

It refers to physical differences between males and females of the same species

Vertebrates include all of the following except

A) birds

B) amphibians

C) insects

D) mammals

E) fishes

insects

T/F The Cenozoic era is considered the age of mammals.

True

Speciation can occur as a result of all of the following except

lack of differences in habitats

T/F The variation that exists among individuals within a species is termed interspecific variation.

False

T/F Sexual selection does not seem to be an important factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism

False

Linguistic symbols are said to be ________ because they do not resemble the object or concept they represent.

arbitrary

___________ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection.

Behavioral ecology

As an order, primates (regarding traits)

have generalized traits

Which suborder includes humans, apes, and Old and New World monkeys?

Anthropoidea

Species producing relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are:

r-selected

Primate behavior is best viewed as being

influenced by environmental factors

Currently, there are approximately _______ species of non-human primates.

230

Linguistic symbols are said to be ________ because they do not resemble the object or concept they represent.

arbitrary

The term for a mating system in which males, and some cases females, have several mating partners i

Polygynous

The first Homo habilis fossils were found during the 1960's in

Olduvai Gorge

The Miocene hominoids

evidenced the "golden age of hominoids"

The term 'hominin' refers to

modern humans and now extinct bipedal relatives

Sahelanthropus has an unusual combination of characteristics, including

a large braincase and huge browridges

For humans, culture integrates an entire adaptive strategy involving all of the following (below) except

A) cognitive components

B) political components

C) economic components

D) social components

E) biological components

biological components

T/F Because organic materials such as sticks and bones are usually well preserved in the archaeological record, we have good evidence of the earliest stages of hominin cultural modifications.

False

By using the designation Homo habilis, what was Louis Leakey not implying?

That Homo habilis was more closely related to australopithecines

By about 2 mya, which of the following was true?

A) All hominins were members of the same genus

B) There were one or more species of the genus Homo present in East Africa

C) Modern humans were living alongside australopiths

D) All hominins still lived only in East Africa

E) There was only one hominid species present in Asia

There were one or more species of the genus Homo present in East Africa

The task of interpreting early hominin evolution

is still not complete

The earliest hominin traces

are primarily dental and cranial pieces

The tool technology of premodern Homo sapiens in the Middle Pleistocene

carried over from the Acheulian tools of Homo erectus

Mousterian culture evidences all of the following except

clear distinctions between Neandertals and early modern humans

Some assumptions about the hunting capabilities of premodern humans have been challenged by an interesting archaeological find at Schöningen. What did they find?

wood spears

T/F The main effect of fluctuating climates in Africa during the Pleistocene was to change rainfall patterns.

True

Compared to Homo erectus, the cranium of the earliest premodern Homo sapiens exhibit

a more rounded braincase

The Middle Pleistocene humans are morphologically

diverse and broadly dispersed throughout time and space

Remains evidencing Middle Pleistocene culture indicate that premodern Homo sapiens

presumably hunted large animals, perhaps horses

Kabwe, Bodo, Florisbad, Elandsfontein and Laetoli are sites that evidence premodern Homo sapiens and are located in

Africa

T/F Genetic evidence suggests that Neandertal DNA is remarkably similar to modern humans.

True

During glacial peaks, much of western Europe would have been

cut off from the rest of Eurasia

Which of the following tool forms is characteristic of the Upper Palaeolithic?

A) Mousterian

B) Acheulian

C) core tools

D) hand axe

E) blades

blades

According to Partial Replacement Models, modern humans first appeared in Africa...

and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them

T/F The Upper Paleolithic was a period during which there were rapid shifts in climatic conditions.

True

The skeletal remains of Homo floresiensis are notable for each of the following characteristics or assumptions except

A) their short stature

B) their small cranial capacity

C) they were living 13,000 years ago

D) their predecessors were perhaps Homo erectus populations

E) they came to Flores on rafts, the remains of which were recovered from the island of Flores

they came to Flores on rafts, the remains of which were recovered from the island of Flores

The Skhūl site is dated to approximately ________ years ago.

130,000-100,000 years ago

The Upper Paleolithic culture period began in Western Europe about ________ years ago.

40,000

There is evidence of chronological overlap in occupation of the Near East by Neandertals and modern humans.

True

The Abrigo do Lagar Velho specimen is an important discovery that aids in the understanding of possible interbreeding between Neandertals and anatomically modern Homo sapiens because the remains

exhibit a highly mixed set of anatomical features

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils from Africa have been dated to about _____ years ago.

200,000-80,000

According to the Regional Continuity Model, ________ prevented local populations of premodern Homo sapiens from becoming separate species.

gene flow

A pattern of seasonal settlement movements from one resource zone to another is

transhumance

The subsistence patterns of the earliest Americans was based on

big game hunting

The presence of morphological variability in skeletons from Asia and the Americas indicates that

there were likely multiple migrations to the New World

The dry land connection between Asia and America is associated with which proposed models for the entrance of people to the New World?

Bering Land Bridge

In what area of North America did highly organized sedentary communities develop based primarily on coastal resources and without domesticated crops?

Northwest Coast

T/F The earliest skeletons from the New World show greater biological diversity than do modern Native Americans.

True

The term used to describe the post-Pleistocene cultures in the Middle East is:

Epipaleolithic

T/F The Holocene epoch beings around 11,000 years ago

True

Evidence from the Upper Paleolithic in Asia shows that there is no evidence for occupation prior to the initial occupation of the New World.

False

Which model for the early settlement of North America is least dependent on the cycle of glacial and inter-glacial periods?

Pacific Coastal Route

The change in relationship between humans, animals, and plants whereby they share a mutually beneficial association is known as:

symbiosis

The expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples through much of sub-Saharan Africa has been tied to what process?

the introduction of bananas, taro, and Asian yams

T/F Childe's Oasis model implies that humans were predestined to develop agriculture.

True

States, as defined by Morton Fried, are characterized by what?

a concept of citizenship

The appearance of domestication in several different parts of the world was due to:

independent invention

The Neolithic Revolution is associated with:

the development of agriculture

Which feature of Ubaid society likely influenced the development of community organization and cooperation?

the construction of massive irrigation systems

Which of the following statements best describes the process of the adoption of domestication in Mexico?

It occurred gradually, largely because the crops offered greater predictability in resources.

Archaeologists agree that to date, the earliest true city yet discovered is

Uruk

The earliest cities of Mesoamerica served primarily as

ceremonial centres