Ch.9 Fungi and Plants

Decomposers

break down large molecules and absorbs smaller molecules.

What do fungal walls use for strength?

Chitin

What do mushrooms produce for reproduction?

spores (a single haploid)

What do fungi bodies consist of which allows digestion for food?

Mycelium

Hyphae

Filament made up of cells arranged end to end.

What does unicellular protists lead to for colonies?

Loose association of individual free-living cells.

Sac fungus infects cereal grains makes a toxin that causes

ergotism (food poisoning causing hallucinations, hysteria, and convulsions)

Plants

Terrestrial multicellular eukaryote conducting photosynthesis. One of the largest organisms by weight.

What are differences between aquatic algae and terrestrial plants?

Moisture, support, reproduction, Anchorage, nutrients, and photosynthesis.

Shoot system

Photosynthetic structures exposed to light and air background.

Root system

Belowground anchorage structures exposed to water and mineral in soil.

Pollen

Protects sperm which allows them to be carried by wind or animals.

Egg

Remains in female reproductive organ which allows the embryo to develop in the mother plant’s body.

Vascular system

Network of tubes transporting water, sugar, and minerals.

Cuticle

Waxy coating that prevents water loss.

Leaves

Main site of photosynthesis and gases exchange through pores.

Lignin

Chemical in cell walls that stiffens them, increasing support.

What do fungi and plant roots form?

mycorrhizae

Legumes have __ that house nitrogen providing bacteria.

root noduels

What do roots of the plants do?

Anchor it in the soil, absorb water and minerals, transport nutrients to other parts of the plant, and store food.

Characteristics of the shoots of a plant

Obtain light, sexually reproduces, and CO₂.

Terminal bud

Newly formed leaves which increases sunlight exposure.

Node

Leaf attaches to stem.

Internode

Region of stem between nodes.

Stems

Grow above the ground and support leaves and flowers.

Leaves

Primary sites of photosynthesis in most plants.

Petiole

Joins the blade to the stem.

Blade

Flattened portion of the leaf.

What do plant cells work to form?

Tissues

What are tissues?

Groups of cells performing specific functions.

What are 2 important tissues in plants?

Xylem and Phloem

Xylem

Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots.

Phloem

Transports sugars from where they were made to the other plant parts.

Organ

Tissues working together to carry out specific functions.

Leaf

Plant organ for photosynthesis which contains xylem and phloem.

Vascular Tissue System

Provide long-distance transport of water and nutrient.

Ground Tissue System

Performs photosynthesis, provides support, and stores nutrients.

Dermal Tissue System

Forms outer protective covering and regulating gas exchange.

4 major groups of plants.

Bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

What characteristics do Bryophytes have?

Structures providing internal protection for gametes and embryos. Lacks seeds and vascular tissue. Survive only in watery environments.

Vascular tissue

Tube-shaped cells that transport water and nutrients throughout a plant.

What is another function of xylem?

Sap is moved through transpiration.

Stomata

Pores on the surfaces of leaves.

Guard cells

Surround each stoma and regulate the opening of the pore. Gases exchange.

Seedless vascular plants

Important adaptations for living on land.

Frond (fern)

Large leaves with many leaflets.

Lignin (fern)

Stiffen cells and allows the plant to stand tall and straight.

Spore Capsule (fern)

Structures on underside of leaves, containing spores.

Seed

Consists of embryo and food supply inside a protective coating.

Why seeds are a key adaptation?

Plants to spread across the land.

Reproductive stages of Cones.

Spores, eggs, sperm, zygotes, and embryos.

What is a pollen-producing cone?

Develop male gametophyte within pollen grains from spores.

What is the Ovule-producing cone?

Develop into female gametophyte.

What happens to the fertilized egg?

Develops into a seed.

What are the vast majority of plants?

Angiosperms

Characteristics of a Flower.

Houses the ovary which develops into fruit and seeds. Produces and receives pollen. House the embryo which is dispersed as seeds.

Meristem

Tips of roots and stems enabling plants to grow in length. (primary growth)

Secondary growth

Thickening of stems and roots.

Growth rings

Boundary pattern between spring and summer cells to estimate tree age.