Exam Review and Genetics Concepts

A collection of flashcards covering essential vocabulary and concepts related to the upcoming midterm exam, including genetics and exam procedures.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDNF)

A condition where an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells from her Rh-positive baby, potentially causing serious complications.

RhoGAM

A drug administered to Rh-negative mothers to prevent the formation of antibodies that could attack Rh-positive blood cells.

ABO blood types

The classification of blood based on the presence of antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells.

Epistasis

A genetic interaction where the expression of one gene is affected by one or more other genes.

Pleiotropy

A condition where a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits.

Quantitative traits

Traits that vary continuously and are typically influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual, which determines potential traits.

Phenotype

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by both genotype and environment.

Safe Exam Browser

A software application that locks down the testing environment, preventing access to other applications during an online exam.

Product Rule (in genetics)

The principle used to determine the probability of two or more independent events occurring together.

Complement fixation

A process where antibodies bind to antigens leading to the destruction of cells, often seen in mismatched blood transfusions.

Rh factor

An antigen present on red blood cells, determining whether blood type is positive or negative.

Incomplete dominance

A genetic situation in which neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype.

Codominance

A relationship between two alleles where both are fully expressed in the heterozygote.

Mendelian inheritance

The basic principles of genetic inheritance formulated by Gregor Mendel, focusing on dominant and recessive traits.

Allele

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Punnett square

A diagrammatic method for predicting the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross.

Antigen

A substance that induces an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.

Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses.

Chromosome segregation

The process during cell division where chromosomes are distributed into daughter cells.

Aneuploidy

A condition in which an individual has too many or too few chromosomes, which can lead to genetic disorders.

Polygenic traits

Traits that are controlled by more than one gene, often resulting in a continuous range of phenotypes.