The human body - Chapter 6

pathophysiology

the study of functional changes that accompany a particular disease or syndrome

umbilicus

navel

coronal plane

frontal plane

sagittal plane

lateral plane (divides body into left and right)

midsagittal plane

midline plane (type of sagittal plane that divides body into equal halves)

transverse plane

axial plane (divides body into top and bottom)

axial skeleton

axis from skull to tailbone

coccyx

tailbone

thoracic cage

rib cage

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower extremities and points of connection to axial skeleton

joint

where two bones meet

ligaments

bone to bone (stabilizing)

cartilage

semirigid cushion between bones

tendons

bones to muscles

symphyses

type of joint that only allows slight motion (like between vertebrae, halves of pelvis, ribs to sternum)

joint capsule

fibrous sac that holds together bone ends of a joint

sacroiliac joint

connection between pelvis and vertebral column

articular cartilage

allows bones to slide easily

synovial membrane

the inner lining of the joint capsule - makes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

lubricant that allows the ends of the bones to glide over each other

ball-and-socket joint

allows for rotation and bending

hinge joints

restrict movement to flexion and extension

cranium

frontal bones, temporal bones, parietal bones, occipital bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone

frontal bones

form forehead

temporal bones

lateral bones on sides of the cranium; temples

parietal bones

bones between temporal and occipital regions

occipital bone

most posterior bone of cranium (closest to back of neck)

sphenoid bone

attaches to front of temporal bones and goes behind eyes

ethmoid bone

separates nasal cavity and brain - articulates with sphenoid and frontal bones

foramen magnum

passageway for the spinal cord to connect with brain (big hole in bottom of skull)

14 facial bones

include maxillae, mandible, zygomas, nasal bones (and more)

maxillae

upper jawbones

mandible

lower jawbone

zygomas

cheek bones

orbit

eye socket - cavity formed by multiple facial bones

vertebral column

consists of 33 vertebrae

cervical spine

first seven vertebrae

atlas and axis

first and second cervical vertebrae - attach spine to skull

thoracic spine

12 vertebrae after cspine, one pair of ribs is attached to each vertebra

lumbar spine

five vertebrae in lower back

sacrum

five vertebrae fused together to form sacrum

coccyx

last four vertebrae that are fused to form the tailbone

intervertebral disks

shock-absorbing structures between vertebrae

thorax

chest formed by thoracic vertebrae and ribs; contains heart, lungs, esophagus, aorta, and superior & inferior venae cavae

sternum

midline on the anterior surface of the chest

manubirum

uppermost part of sternum, uppermost part forms sternal notch

sternal body

middle largest section of sternum

xiphoid process

inferior tip of sternum; narrow cartilaginous structure

pectoral girdle

shoulder; clavicle and scapula

medial end of clavicle + manubrium of sternum

joint that connects pectoral girdle to axial skeleton

humerus

articulates with scapula

radius

lateral (thumb) side of forearm

ulna

medial (pinky) side of forearm

ulna/radius + wrist

modified ball-and-socket joint

carpals

8 bones that form wrist

metacarpals

5 bones that form palm of hand (extends from carpals)

phalanges

fingers and toes

acromioclavicular (A/C) joint

clavicle - scapula

glenohumeral joint

shoulder joint

pelvic girdle

coxae, sacrum, coccyx

coxa

hip bone; formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous articulation joining left and right pubic bones

acetabulum

hip joint (ball-and-socket)

femoral head

superior end of the femur

greater trochanter

projection proximal to the femoral head and on the lateral side of the femur (hip dip bone)

lesser trochanter

projection on medial side of femur

femoral neck

narrowed section of femur between femoral head and trochanters

patella

kneecap

tibia

bigger shinbone that articulates with inferior end of femur, distal end forms ankle

fibula

superior end connects to tibia, distal end forms ankle

(medial) malleolus

fibula (or tibia) side ankle bone

tarsals

7 proximal bones in foot including calcaneus and talus

talus

ankle (with tib/fib)

calcaneus

heel bone

metatarsals

5 bones that form the middle of the foot

plantar surface

bottom of foot

dorsum / dorsal surface

top of foot

voluntary muscle

skeletal muscle

involuntary muscle

smooth and cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

within blood vessels and intestines

cardiac muscle

generates electrical impulses

biceps

anterior humerus; flexes lower arm

triceps

posterior humerus; extends lower arm

pectoralis

anterior thorax, flexes and rotates arm

latissimus dorsi

posterior thorax, extends and rotates arm

rectus abdominus

anterior abdomen, flexes and rotates spine

tibialis anterior

anterior tibia, flexes foot

gastrocnemius

posterior tibia, points foot

quadriceps

anterior femur, extends lower leg

biceps femoris

posterior femur, flexes lower leg, part of hamstrings

gluteus

3 muscles, buttocks, extends and rotates thigh

respiratory system

set of organs responsible for respiration and gas exchange; includes nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm, muscles of chest wall, and acessory muscles

upper airway

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx; transitions to lower airway at the vocal chords (glottis)

nasopharynx

upper section of pharynx that connects to nasal cavity

oropharynx

section of pharynx at the back of throat; between soft palate and base of tongue

larynx

voice box

trachea

windpipe, approx 5 inches and is a semirigid enclosed air tube made from rings of cartilage

epiglottis

keeps food, water, etc out of larynx

lower airway

trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs

thyroid cartilage

adam’s apple; anterior midline portion of the neck; anterior part of larynx