Biology 120 Notes (Part 20) The Discussion of Genes and Proteins

Duplication

________ occurs when sister chromatids do split apart which causes genes to be copied onto the chromosome.

Deletion

________ occurs when something goes wrong in meiosis which causes a chromosome to get removed.

Inversion

________ occurs when a chromosome breaks and in the process of ________, the chromosome that breaks gets flipped and then attaches itself back to the other half of the chromosome from which it broke off from.

mutation

A _____________ is any permanent change in an organism's DNA and the two types are point mutation and chromosome- level mutations.

protein synthesis

Genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins in a process called _____________ and occurs in two steps.

Translation

________ is the second and last step.

DNA

________ contains a blueprint for the synthesis of proteins.

RNA

________ is needed to convert information found in the DNA to a sequence of amino acids.

duplication

The types of chromosomal mutations are deletion, ________, inversion, and translocation.

The three types of DNA are

messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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The three types of RNA are:

messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

___________ carries messages from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

__________ transfers amino acids to the ribosomes.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

__________makes up part of the ribosomes.

Transcription

______________ is the first step of protein synthesis. In this step, the RNA molecule produced is based on a DNA template.

Translation

___________ is the second and last step of protein synthesis. In this step, mRNA is read by a ribosome and is converted to an amino acid sequence.

Proteins functions in animals include

metabolism (enzymes), support (i.e., collagen and keratin), transport (membrane proteins), defense (antibodies), regulation (some hormones), and motion (muscle tissue).

codons

Groups of three nucleotides form __________.

The genetic code is

redundant, unambiguous, non-overlapping, nearly universal, and conservative.

mutation

A _________ is any permanent change in an organism’s DNA and the two types are point mutation and chromosome-level mutations.

silent mutation

In a ___________, there is no change in the amino acid.

missense mutation

In a ____________, there is a change in the amino acid in the protein.

The types of point mutations are

silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frameshift mutations.

nonsense mutations

In ____________, it changes the amino acid into a stop codon.

frameshift mutations

In _____________, the reading frame is shifted which alters the meaning of all subsequent codons and there is an addition of or deletion of one or more nucleotides.

The types of chromosomal mutations are

deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.

Translocation

___________ occurs when a chromosome links itself to a different chromosome that also broken.