bh exam

Moore
The Moore's Ford Bridge Lynching

A lynching of four Black sharecroppers in 1946 in Walton County, Georgia. It was the last mass U.S. lynching and exposed postwar racial violence.

Atlantic Creoles

Early Africans with mixed cultures in the 1600s in the Atlantic World. Their presence showed Black presence before slavery hardened into a racial system.

Double Jeopardy

A rule stating that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime. Established in the U.S. from 1791 onward, it limited federal civil rights prosecutions.

Charles Deslondes

Leader of the 1811 slave revolt in Louisiana, which was the largest slave rebellion in U.S. history.

Moral Suasion

An abolitionist method using moral arguments, active in the North from the 1830s to 1860s. It shaped early antislavery activism.

New Negro Movement

A push for Black pride and a new identity in cities, especially Harlem, during the 1910s-1930s. It led into the Harlem Renaissance.

Emmett Till

A 14-year-old murdered in Mississippi in 1955 after a false accusation. His death helped launch the Civil Rights Movement.

Racial Uplift

The belief that Black progress comes through education and respectability, prevalent in the U.S. from the late 1800s to early 1900s. It shaped Black middle-class leadership.

Three-Fifths Clause (3/5 Clause)

A clause from the 1787 Constitutional Convention that counted enslaved people as three-fifths for representation. It boosted slave state power.

Booker T. Washington

An educator and founder of Tuskegee (1856-1915) in Alabama. He pushed vocational training and accommodationist politics.

Nation of Islam

A Black Muslim movement founded in 1930 in Detroit, then expanding nationwide. It promoted Black self-determination, and Malcolm X rose from it.

Angela Davis

An activist, scholar, and Black feminist active from the 1960s to present in the U.S. She is a symbol of Black radicalism, prison abolition, and Black feminism.

Second Great Migration

The movement of millions of Black Southerners to the North and West from 1940-1970. It reshaped Black urban life and politics.

Terrible Transformation

A shift from flexible labor to racial hereditary slavery in English colonies during the 1600s. It solidified race-based slavery as law.

Dyer Bill

An anti-lynching bill proposed by Rep. Leonidas Dyer in the U.S. Congress in 1918. It passed the House but was blocked by Southern senators, highlighting federal failure to stop lynching.

Ten Point Platform of the Black Panther Party

A list of demands for freedom, housing, and justice from the Black Panther Party in Oakland, 1966. It served as a blueprint for Black radical politics.

March on Washington

A civil rights demonstration for jobs and freedom in Washington D.C. in 1963, where MLK gave his "I Have a Dream" speech. It helped push the Civil Rights Act.

Bell Hooks

A Black feminist writer (1952-2021) from the U.S. She shaped Black feminism, intersectionality, and cultural criticism.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A Supreme Court case in the U.S. in 1896 that upheld segregation. It established "separate but equal" for decades.

15th Amendment (Black Male Suffrage)

Guaranteed Black men the right to vote in the U.S. in 1870. It expanded citizenship rights, though later suppressed by Jim Crow.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A student-led civil rights organization founded in the South in 1960. It led sit-ins, Freedom Rides, voter registration, and later black power movements.

Joseph Beam

A Black gay writer and activist in the U.S. during the 1980s. He pushed Black LGBTQ+ visibility through "In the Life."

An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

David Walker's radical pamphlet published in Boston in 1829. It demanded resistance to slavery and terrified slaveholders.

Sojourner Truth

An abolitionist and women's rights activist active in the U.S. from the 1840s to 1880s, known for her "Ain't I a Woman" speech.

Daisy Bates

A civil rights activist for school integration in Arkansas during the 1950s. She advised the Little Rock Nine.

Dred Scott Decision

A Supreme Court ruling in the U.S. in 1857 denying Black citizenship. It stated Black people had no rights whites must respect.

Brown v. Board of Education

A Supreme Court ruling in the U.S. in 1954 ending school segregation. It overturned Plessy's "separate but equal" in education.

Ida B. Wells

A journalist and anti-lynching activist in the U.S. from the 1890s to 1930s. She exposed lynching nationwide.

Radical Reconstruction

A period of intense federal effort to rebuild the South and protect Black rights in the former Confederacy (1867-1877). It expanded Black political power before Jim Crow rollback.

Domestic Slave Trade

The buying and selling of enslaved people inside the U.S. from 1808-1865, moving nearly one million enslaved people from the Upper South to the Deep South and tearing families apart.

AME Church (African Methodist Episcopal Church)

The first independent Black denomination, founded in Philadelphia in 1816. It was a center of activism.

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

A British offer of freedom to enslaved people who joined their forces in Virginia in 1775. It pushed many enslaved people to seek liberation through war.

Compromise of 1877

A deal in the U.S. in 1877 ending Reconstruction. It removed federal troops and opened the door for Jim Crow.

The Brute Caricature

A racist image portraying Black men as violent, prevalent in U.S. media from the 1800s to early 1900s. It was used to justify lynching and racist policing.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's order in 1863 freeing enslaved people in Confederate states. It shifted the Civil War toward ending slavery.

Bayard Rustin

A civil rights strategist (1940s-1980s) in the U.S. He organized the 1963 March on Washington.

14th Amendment

Granted birthright citizenship and equal protection in the U.S. in 1868. It is the foundation of civil rights law.

Executive Order 9981

Truman's order in 1948 desegregating the U.S. military. It was a major step toward ending federal segregation.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A law protecting Black voting rights in the U.S. in 1965. It ended literacy tests and federal oversight, strengthening democracy.

Citizenship

Legal belonging with rights and protections, an evolving concept especially post-Civil War in the U.S. It was central to debates over Black rights.

Market Revolution

An economic shift to factories, commerce, and transportation networks in the U.S. from 1800-1840s. It expanded slavery demand, especially for cotton.

Margaret Garner

An enslaved woman who killed her child rather than return to slavery on the Ohio-Kentucky border in 1856. Her story exposed slavery's brutality and inspired "Beloved."

Paul Cuffee

A Black sailor and businessman in Massachusetts from the late 1700s to early 1800s. He funded Black migration to Africa and early colonization ideas.

Double V Campaign

A WWII push in Black newspapers and communities from 1942-1945 for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home. It linked civil rights to wartime service.

Mudsill Theory

The idea that society needs a permanent laboring lower class, prevalent in the South in 1858. It was used to justify slavery.

W. E. B. Du Bois

A scholar, activist, and co-founder of the NAACP (1868-1963) in the U.S. He pushed civil rights education and Black political power.

Marcus Garvey

A Black nationalist leader in Harlem during the 1910s-1920s. He founded UNIA and promoted Black pride and global unity.

Mammy Caricature

A racist stereotype portraying Black women as happy servants, prevalent in U.S. media from the 1800s-1900s. It justified domestic servitude and gendered racism.

Betty Jean Owens

A Black college student kidnapped and assaulted in Tallahassee, Florida in 1959. It was a rare case where an all-white jury convicted the white attackers.

A. Philip Randolph

A labor and civil rights leader in the U.S. from the 1920s-1960s. He organized Black workers and inspired the 1963 March on Washington.