lifespan!!

What is the process of growth and change throughout the lifespan called?

Development

What transitional period occurs between adolescence and full adulthood?

Emerging Adulthood

How is culture defined in the context of development?

The shared beliefs, values, and customs of a group or society.

What is an age grade?

A socially defined category of people classified by age, assigned specific roles and responsibilities.

What is a rite of passage?

A cultural ritual marking a transition from one life stage to another.

What are age norms?

Societal expectations for individuals at specific ages regarding behavior or milestones.

What is a social clock?

The culturally preferred timing of significant life events.

What does plasticity refer to in development?

The capacity for change and adaptation throughout the lifespan.

What is a theory in the context of development?

A broad explanation or model of how something works or how people develop.

What is the nature-nurture issue?

The debate regarding the influence of genetics versus environmental factors in development.

What does the continuity-discontinuity issue address?

Whether development is gradual or occurs in distinct stages.

What is the universality-context-specificity issue?

The debate over if developmental changes are universal or culturally specific.

What is the Bioecological Systems Theory?

A framework that explains how different layers of the environment influence development.

What does the microsystem in Bioecological Systems Theory refer to?

The immediate environment and direct interactions.

What is the mesosystem?

The connections between different microsystems.

What is the exosystem?

The broader social systems that indirectly affect the individual.

What is the macrosystem?

The overarching cultural and societal influences.

What does the chronosystem represent?

The dimension of time affecting development, showing historical or personal transitions.

What is naturalistic observation?

A research method where behaviors are observed in a natural context without manipulation.

What is structured observation?

A research method where a controlled environment is set up to observe specific behaviors.

What is an experiment in research methodology?

A method where variables are manipulated to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

What is the correlational method?

A research method examining relationships between two variables without manipulation.

What is conception?

The moment a sperm fertilizes an egg, marking the start of pregnancy.

What does genotype refer to?

The genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of specific alleles inherited from parents.

What is phenotype?

The observable traits or characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

What is single gene-pair inheritance?

A pattern where one gene pair determines a specific trait, often with one allele dominant.

What is sex-linked inheritance?

Inheritance of traits linked to genes on the sex chromosomes.

What is polygenic inheritance?

Inheritance determined by multiple genes contributing to a trait.

What is mutation?

A change in DNA sequence that can lead to genetic variation.

What does heritability measure?

The proportion of trait variation in a population attributed to genetic factors.

What are shared environmental influences?

Environmental factors experienced similarly by individuals within a family.

What are non-shared environmental influences?

Unique experiences or influences that contribute to individual differences.

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A model explaining development of disorders as a result of genetic predispositions and environmental stressors.

What is the differential susceptibility hypothesis?

The idea that individuals differ in their sensitivity to environmental influences.

What is passive gene-environment correlation?

When a child's environment is influenced by their parents' genetic characteristics.

What is evocative gene-environment correlation?

When genetic traits evoke responses from others that influence development.

What is active gene-environment correlation?

When individuals seek out environments that match their genetic predispositions.

What is infertility?

The inability to conceive a child or carry a pregnancy to full term after a year of trying.

What is the germinal period in prenatal development?

The first two weeks after conception during which the zygote divides and implants in the uterus.

What is a miscarriage?

The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.

What is the embryonic period?

The period from the 2nd to the 8th week of prenatal development when major organs begin to form.

What is amnion?

The protective membrane surrounding the developing embryo, containing amniotic fluid.

What is the placenta?

The organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste.

What is the fetal period?

The period from the 9th week of pregnancy until birth, characterized by rapid growth.

What is the age of viability?

The stage at which a fetus can survive outside the womb, typically around 24 weeks.

What is myelin?

A fatty substance forming a sheath around nerves to enable faster transmission of impulses.

What is fetal programming?

The idea that prenatal development can influence long-term health risks.

What are teratogens?

Environmental factors that can harm the developing fetus.

What are the three stages of childbirth?

Dilation of the cervix, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta.

What is anoxia?

A lack of oxygen supply to the baby during birth that can cause complications.

What is the Apgar test?

A quick assessment of a newborn's health performed at one and five minutes after birth.

What is a Cesarean birth?

A surgical procedure to deliver a baby through an incision in the abdomen and uterus.

What are racial disparities in infant mortality rates?

Differences in infant mortality rates between racial and ethnic groups due to various factors.

What is paid parental leave policy?

Leave provided by the government or employers for new parents after childbirth.

What are endocrine glands?

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

What is a neuron?

A nerve cell that transmits electrical signals in the nervous system.

What is a synapse?

The gap where communication occurs between two neurons.

What is myelination?

The process of coating nerve fibers with myelin for faster signal transmission.

What is synaptogenesis?

The formation of new synapses in the brain, occurring rapidly during early childhood.

What is synaptic pruning?

The process of eliminating excess synaptic connections to streamline neural networks.

What is REM sleep?

A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movement and vivid dreaming.

What is a reflex?

An automatic response to a stimulus mediated by the nervous system.

What is puberty?

The period of physical changes that lead to sexual maturity in adolescents.

What is obesity?

A condition of excessive body fat that can lead to health issues.

What is the importance of exercise?

Regular physical activity is crucial for maintaining overall health.

What is neurogenesis?

The process of generating new neurons in the brain.

What is the hippocampus?

A brain region involved in memory formation and learning.

What is the dual process model of brain development?

A theory that suggests brain development involves both cognitive maturation and emotional regulation.

What is the prefrontal cortex?

The brain region responsible for decision-making and problem-solving.

What is the limbic region?

The area of the brain associated with processing emotions and motivation.

What is menopause?

The biological process marking the end of a woman's menstrual cycles.

What is sensation?

The process of detecting physical stimuli and converting them into neural signals.

What is perception?

The brain's organization and interpretation of sensory information.

What is action in the context of sensation and perception?

The physical response that follows the perception of sensory information.

What are gross motor skills?

Physical abilities involving large muscle groups.

What are fine motor skills?

Physical abilities involving small, precise movements requiring hand-eye coordination.

What is selective attention?

The ability to focus on one task while ignoring distractions.

What is multitasking?

The ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time, often reducing performance quality.

What are ulnar and pincer grasps?

Types of hand grasps that develop as infants gain control over fine motor skills.

What is attention?

The cognitive process of focusing on specific information while filtering out distractions.

What is a scheme (or schema)?

A mental structure that helps organize and interpret information.

What is organization in cognitive development?

The process of combining existing schemes into more complex systems.

What is adaptation in cognitive development?

Adjusting to the environment through assimilation and accommodation.

What is assimilation?

Incorporating new information into existing schemes without changing them.

What is accommodation?

Adjusting existing schemes to incorporate new information.

What is equilibrium in cognitive development?

A state of balance between assimilation and accommodation.

What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

The gap between what a child can do independently and with guidance.

What is scaffolding?

Support provided by a knowledgeable person to help a learner achieve a task.

What is object permanence?

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible.

What is a primary circular reaction?

Repetitive actions involving the child's own body occurring in infancy.

What is a secondary circular reaction?

Repetitive actions affecting the environment, typically occurring in infants.

What is conservation in cognitive development?

Understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite appearance changes.

What is centration?

Focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.

What is reversibility?

Understanding that some changes can be reversed.

What is egocentrism in early childhood?

The tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective.

What is class inclusion?

Understanding that objects can belong to more than one category simultaneously.

What is seriation?

The ability to arrange objects in a logical order.

What is transitivity?

Understanding the relationships between different objects or concepts.

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations.

What is the imaginary audience?

The belief that others are as concerned with one's appearance and behavior.