Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from anatomy and physiology lecture notes.

Characteristics that define an Organism (basic functions)

Organization, Responsiveness, Growth and Differentiation, Reproduction, Movement, Metabolism, and Excretion

Type of Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy include

Surface anatomy

Regional Anatomy definition and examples

Study of all the superficial (anatomical landmarks and regions) and internal features in a specific area of the body. Examples: Ear, nose, and throat, Upper limb (deltoid, brachial, antecubital, antebrachial, carpal, palmar, digital)

Microscopic anatomy definition

Deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification

Cytology definition

Is the study of the structure of individual cells

Histology definition

Is the examination of tissues (Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions)

Embryology definition

The Study of early development processes

System Physiology definition

Includes all aspects of the study of the functioning of specific organ systems

Pathological physiology definition

The study of the branch of Physiology that deals with changes in function resulting from disease

Levels of Organization (smallest to largest)

Atom→Molecule→ Organelle →Cell→Tissue→Organ→Organ system→ Organism

Major organs of the Skeletal System

Bones, Cartilages, Associated ligaments, Bone marrow

Functions of the Skeletal System

Provides support and protection of soft tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells

Major organs of the Integumentary system

Skin, hair, and nails

Major organs of the Endocrine System

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads

Major organs of the Muscular System

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses

Functions of the Muscular System

Provides movement, protection and support for other tissues and heat production that maintains body temperature

Major organs of the Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved substances including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide

Major functions of the Lymphatic System

Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Major organs of the Urinary System

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, and urethra

Homeostasis definition

The body's ability to maintain a relatively constant, optimal, stable internal balance environment in an organism in response to changing conditions

Negative Feed back definition

When body temperature rises, the control center in the brain activated by the effector, initiates physiological changes to decrease body temperature (sweating).

Positive Feedback definition

In Positive Feedback the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

Anatomical Position definition

When the body is in this position (facing forward) the hands are at the sides with palms facing forward

Four quadrants of the abdominopelvic Region

Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, and Left Lower Quadrant

Anterior and/or Ventral definition

Toward or at the front of the body, for example, chest or abdominal region

Superior definition

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Posterior definition

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Lateral definition

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Medial definition

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side

Proximal definition

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal definition

Farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Mid-Sagittal definition

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halve

Two subdivisions of Dorsal Cavity

Cranial cavity, spinal cavity

Two subdivisions of Ventral Cavity

Thoracic cavity, and Abdominopelvic cavity

Structure within the Thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity (left and right), pericardial cavity

Muscle separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominal-pelvic cavity

The diaphragm

CAT Scan Definition

A diagnostic technique that uses a computer to reconstruct section views

Ultrasound Definition

A device that emits sound waves to produce an image

Atoms definition

Smallest, most simples, stable chemical units of matter

Synthesis definition

Assembles larger molecules from smaller components

Decomposition definition

Is a reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments

Exchange reaction (Double Displacement) definition

Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around

Reversible reaction definition

Some chemical reactions are (at least theoretically) reversible

Metabolites definition

Include all the molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies

Organic compounds definition

Have carbon and hydrogen as their primary structural component

Inorganic compounds definition

Are not primarily carbon and hydrogen

Electrolyte definition

Soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution

pH definition

Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter.

Buffer Definition

A substance that serves to prevent large changes in pH by either combining with H+ or by releasing H+ into solution

Carbohydrate Definition

A group of organic compound containing: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio

Body’s most important metabolic fuel

Glucose

Glycogen Definition

Is a polysaccharide of glucose chains, found in the liver and muscles

Monounsaturated fatty acids Definition

Contain only 1 double covalent bond in the hydrocarbon tail

Polyunsaturated fatty acid definition

Contains multiple covalent (double) bonds in its carbon chain

Triglyceride definition

Glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

Steroid hormones definition

Derived from the lipid cholesterol. Two subdivisions are sex steroids and corticosteroids

Structural Lipids Examples

Cholesterol, Phospholipids and Glycolipids

Phospholipids definition

A class of structural lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers

Glycolipid definition

Are carbohydrates attached to a structural lipid

The basic unit of proteins

Amino acids

Peptide bond definition

A peptide bonds link two amino acids

Secondary structure protein definition

Results from bonds that develop between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain

Coenzyme definition

Organic cofactors commonly derived from vitamins

Cofactor definition

Must bond to the enzyme before substrate binding can occur

Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans in common

A combination of protein and carbohydrates

Enzyme definition

Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy needed to begin a reaction) requirements

Nucleic Acid definition

Is a large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

Two types of Nucleic Acid

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Nucleic acids are composed of

Nucleotides

Three things does a Nucleotide consist of

A 5 carbon sugar, A Phosphate group, A Nitrogenous base

Pair nucleotide bases

DNA pairing: C-G and T-A. RNA pairing: C-G and U-A

Extracellular fluid definition

Is a watery medium that surrounds the cell, a.k.a. interstitial fluid

Plasma Membrane definition

Is the outer boundary of the cell is the cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane and is composed of a bilayer if lipids

Cell membranes said to be

Selectively permeable

Diffusion definition

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion definition

Is the diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size and or polarity

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion definition

Process by which molecules such as glucose and amino acids (insoluble in lipids and too large to fit through membrane channels) are moved passively into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins

Active Transport definition

Is a process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient

Two ions (principal Cations in our body) are utilized by Active transport

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)

Osmosis definition

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrance in response to solute differences

Hypertonic solution definition

If a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will lose water by osmosis, as it does, the cell shrivels, shrinks, and dehydrates causing crenation

Hypotonic solution definition

Net gain of water into cell into the cell will cause Hemolysis or cell bursting

Crenation definition

Cell shrinkage

Hemolysis definition

Cell bursting

Endocytosis definition

Is the packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at the cell surface for importation into the cell

Phagocytosis definition

Cell eating, produces phagosomes containing solid objects that may be as large as the cell itself

Exocytosis definition

Ejection of materials from the cell

Membranous organelles

Peroxisome, mitochondrion, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope surrounding nucleus, lysosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus

Non-membranous organelles

Cilia, Centriole, Fixed ribosomes, microvilli, cytoskeleton, free ribosomes

Three cytoskeleton components

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules

Building blocks of Microfilaments

Microfilaments are made of the protein actin

Building blocks of Microtubules

Hollow tubes built from tubulin (a globular protein)

Cilia definition

Hair like processes that extend from a cell surface

Two cell structures composed of microtubules

Motile cilia, Non-motile/primary cilia

Villi and microvilli definition

Are tiny, finger-like projections within our intestines.These increase the surface area, therefore, absorptive area as well

Tight Junctions definition

A type of intercellular connection in which there is a partial fusion (rivet) of the lipid portion of the outer layers of the two cell membranes

Gap Junctions definition

A junction between cells which allows passage of material from one to the other

Desmosome definition

This connection, NOT fusion, but, Anchoring, to the cytoskeleton

CAM definition

Cell adhesion molecules- proteins that hold cells together