Western Civilization Semester 1 EXAM

What estate made was made up of peasants and inhabitants of towns and cities?

third estate

What estate was made up of clergy?

first estate

What estate was made up of the nobility?

second estate

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Italy

Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo all dominated..?

the High Renaissance

Who was the inventor of the printing press, and painting from movable metal type?

Gutenberg

What was the father of humanism?

Petrarch

What was the first true book in the West produced from moveable type?

the Bible

Who discovered ancient works of cicero?

Petrarch

What artist made The Last Supper?

Leonardo da Vinci

What artist made the Mona Lisa?

Leonardo da Vinci

What artist made Pietà?

Michelangelo

What artist made Creation of Adam?

Michelangelo

What artist made the Arnolfini Portrait?

Jan Van Eyck

Illusion of depth and three-dimensional space in an image achieved by drawing the lines of composition toward a point

linear prespective

worldliness

secularism

An intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance- held that humanist should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state.

Civic Humanism

Who developed Linear Perspective?

Filippo Brunelleschi

Relied on linear perspective to convey depth and dimension

Italian Art

Fresco Paintings

Italian Art

Tempra paint

Italian Art

monumental, Idealized

Italian Art

oil paints

northern art

light and color gradations

northern art

highly detailed and realistic

northern art

egg based medium that binds paint pigments

tempra

produced revised Greek New testament

Erasmus

how did the printing press work?

ink pressed on to paper

a movement in Northern Europe that blended renaissance interest in classical learning with early christian writings

christian humanism

the most influential christian humanist?

Erasmus

wanted reform WITHIN the church not separation

Erasmus

criticized church corruption

Erasmus

believed people should understand Bible’s original meaning

Erasmus

Who was the founder of the Church of England?

Henry VII

Who was convinced that through education in the classics, they could instill a true inner piety that would bring about reform of the church and society?

Christian Humanist

A____ is an ecclesiastical position that carries with it a salary?

benefice

declared that the king was the only supreme head on earth of the church of england

act of supremacy

what two sacraments did Martin Luther King include in his reformed church?

Baptism and the Lord’s Supper

political, religious, social, and economic problems all contributed to what?

reformation

what political factor led to reformation?

rulers wanted independence from the Pope

what religious factor led to reformation?

corruption and indulgence sales

what economic factor led to reformation?

resentment of church wealth

condemned abuses in indulgences

ninety-five theses

who believed in justification by faith alone?

Martin Luther

beloved bible as sole authority

Martin Luther

opposed sale of indulgences

Martin Luther

was able to speed the ninety-five theses rapidly?

printing press

threatened church revenue and authority

ninety-five theses

declared Martin Luther an outlaw?

Diet & Edict of Worms

believed in complete separation of church and state

anabaptism

adult baptism

anabaptism

the city council became the church authority

calvinism

double-predestination was preached

calvinism

strict moral discipline

calvinism

scripture alone

zwinglianism

no music, images, pilgrimages, or saints

zwinglianism

eucharist=symbolic

zwinglianism

simple worship

anabaptism

seen as radicals

anabaptism

what reformation started for political reasons under Henry VII?

english

legalized lutheranism

peace of augsburg

reaffirmed catholic doctrine

Council of Trent

rejected protestant teachings

Council of Trent

ended the sale of indulgences

Council of Trent

what was the goal of the catholic reformation?

to resolve religious differences created by protestant revolt

what resulted in the protestant reformation?

people being educated; including all children male and females

banned Protestant writings and others judged harmful

Index of Forbidden Books

the practice of holding several church offices

pluralism

church official ignored their duties and hired underlings who sometimes lacked the proper qualifications

absenteeism

set the reformation into motion through adoption of the doctrine of justification by alone

Martin Luther

a remission (after death) of punishment for sin. Reduce one’s time in purgatory

indulgences

the act by which a person is made deserving of salvation

justification

Gold, Glory, and God were motives for..?

exploration

Who began the first school of oceanic navigation?

Prince Henry the Navigator

What was Portugal looking to access when they began to explore the African coast?

all water trade route , Gold , and spices

Who rounded the Cape of Africa, but feared mutiny from and crew and turned around?

Bartholomeu Dias

reached India

Vasco de Gama

renamed the Cape of Africa to Cape of good Hope?

Vasco de Gama

What explorer is associated with the first known circumnavigation of the earth?

Ferdinand Magellan

conquered the Aztecs

Cortés

how did Cortéz conquer the Aztecs?

alliances and smallpox

conquered the Incas?

Pizarro

forced labor of natives

encomienda systei

identified lands as new continent

Amerigo Vespucci

divided world between Spain (west) and Portugal (east)

treaty of tordesillas

detailed charts/ early maps?

Potolani

science of plotting course of a ship?

navigation

one of the most important maps available to Europeans in the 15th century

Ptolemy

early administrative system that allowed spaniards to use indigenous people for labor

encomienda

economic philosophy that encouraged exports but limited imports

mercantilism

system where a king or queen holds unlimited power over the government and people

absolute monarchy

monarch shares power with parliament or a legislature

constitutional monarchy

How did Renaissance humanist contribute to the scientific revolution?

they mastered greek and made new ancient text available

Why did Renaissance artist influence the development of science?

their desire to imitate nature led them to observe it closely

Why was Galileo condemned by the Catholic Church?

denied the existence of God

What did the universal law ode to gravitation help explain?

the force that keeps planets in orbit

Newton, Copernicus,Kepler, and Galileo all contributed to?

heliocentric model and the laws of plenetary motion

According to Galen’s humoral theory, what caused disease?

imbalances among bodily fluids

Who rejected both Aristotle and Galen, proposing that disease was caused by chemical imbalances in specific organs?

Paracelsus

What did William Harvey prove about the circulatory system?

blood made a complete circuit through the body and originated in the heart