Chaper 1 Lecture Cards

Physiology

Study of functions of living things.

Anatomy

Study of structure.

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Tonicity

Effect of non-penetrating solute on another solution.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that lines surfaces in the body.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue that contracts to produce movement.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that transmits electrical signals.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside cells but within body.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid inside the cells.

Negative Feedback

Response that counteracts a change in a regulated variable.

Positive Feedback

Response that amplifies changes in a regulated variable.

Macromolecules

Large molecules essential to the structure and function of living cells.

Cell

Basic unit of life.

Organ

Body structure that integrates different tissues to carry out specific functions.

Organ System

Group of organs that work together to perform complex functions.

Skeletal System

Framework of bones and cartilage that supports the body.

Muscular System

System that enables movement of the body using muscles.

Circulatory System

System that circulates blood and lymph throughout the body.

Digestive System

System responsible for processing food.

Respiratory System

System responsible for gas exchange.

Urinary System

System that removes waste from the blood and regulates water balance.

Integumentary System

System that protects the body, including skin, hair, and nails.

Endocrine System

System of glands that secrete hormones regulating various body functions.

Immune System

Body's defense system against infections.

Reproductive System

System involved in producing offspring.

Extracellular Matrix

Network of proteins and carbohydrates surrounding cells.

Hydrostatic Pressure

Pressure exerted by a fluid at rest.

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure required to stop the flow of water across a membrane.

Active Transport

Movement of substances against concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport of molecules across the membrane through protein channels.

Simple Diffusion

Movement of small or nonpolar molecules from high to low concentration.

Ion Channels

Protein passages that allow specific ions to cross membranes.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Process of taking in molecules by engulfing them in a vesicle.

Phagocytosis

Process of engulfing solid particles into a cell.

Pinocytosis

Process of engulfing liquid into a cell.

Cell Membrane

Protective barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Two layers of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane.

Hydrophilic

Having a tendency to mix with or be dissolved in water.

Hydrophobic

Repellent of water; does not mix with water.

Tissue

Group of cells that work together to perform a similar function.

Apical Surface

The upper surface of epithelial cells that faces the body surface or lumen.

Basolateral Surface

The surface of the epithelial cell that is adjacent to the underlying tissue.

Basement Membrane

Thin layer of connective tissue that supports epithelial tissues.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells, allowing for diffusion and filtration.

Stratified Epithelium

Multiple layers of cells, providing protection.

Endothelial Cells

Cells lining blood vessels.

Barriers

In anatomical context, structures that separate one area of the body from another.

Desmosomes

Structures that anchor cells to each other, providing mechanical strength.

Gap Junctions

Channels that allow for communication between adjacent cells.

Tissues types

Four primary types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Concentration Gradient

Difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.

Molarity

Concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter.

Filtration

Process of separating solids from liquids or gases.

Reabsorption

Process of absorbing again the substances that were filtered out.

Secretion

Process of producing and releasing substances.

Capillary

Smallest blood vessel where exchange of substances takes place.

Microcirculation

Circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell containing DNA.

Axon

Long projection of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.

Dendrite

Branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals.

Thrombocyte

Another term for platelets, important for blood clotting.

Red Blood Cells

Cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream.

Ciliated Epithelium

Epithelial tissue containing cilia that help move substances.

Microvilli

Small projections that increase surface area for absorption.

Extrinsic Control

Regulatory mechanisms originating from outside an organ.

Intrinsic Control

Regulatory mechanisms originating within an organ.

Set Point

Desired level of a regulated variable in homeostasis.

Effectors

Muscles or glands that produce a response in a feedback loop.

Stimulus

Change in the environment that triggers a response.

Control Center

Part of the body that processes the information from sensors.

Receptors

Structures that detect changes in the environment.

Dynamic Equilibrium

Continuous adjustment to maintain stability.

Membrane Potential

Difference in electrical charge across a cell's membrane.

Threshold Potential

The level of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Active transport mechanism that moves Na+ out and K+ into the cell.

Homeostatic Imbalance

Disturbance in homeostasis that can lead to disease.

Chemical Gradient

Difference in the concentration of a substance across a membrane.

Ion Concentration

Amount of ions present in a solution, critical for cellular functions.

Body Fluid Compartments

Different areas of the body that contain fluid, such as intracellular and extracellular spaces.

Osmolarity

Measure of solute concentration per liter of solution.

Hydrostatic vs Osmotic Pressure

Hydrostatic is the force of fluid against vessel walls; osmotic is the pressure needed to counter osmosis.

Plasma

The fluid component of blood.

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid that surrounds tissue cells.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues.

Functional Anatomy

Study of the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.

Define physiology in the context of biological sciences.

Physiology is the branch of biology that examines the mechanisms and functions of living organisms.

How does anatomy differ from physiology?

Anatomy focuses on the structural organization of organisms, whereas physiology investigates the functions and processes of those structures.

What is the significance of homeostasis in living organisms?

Homeostasis is crucial for sustaining stable internal conditions, allowing organisms to adapt to changes in the external environment.

Explain the process of osmosis and its importance in cellular function.

Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, essential for maintaining cell turgor and equilibrium.

Elucidate the concept of tonicity and its role in cellular environments.

Tonicity refers to the osmotic pressure gradient resulting from non-penetrating solutes, influencing cell volume and shape.

What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue in the human body?

Epithelial tissue serves to protect surfaces, facilitate absorption, and enable secretion, functioning as a barrier and interface between different environments.

Characterize connective tissue and its diverse functions within the body.

Connective tissue encompasses a variety of tissues that provide structural support, connect different body parts, and store energy.

Describe the role and types of muscle tissue in the human organism.

Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and is categorized into three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth, each with distinct functionalities.

What is the function of nervous tissue and its significance in organismal biology?

Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals, facilitating communication between different body parts and enabling the coordination of responses.

How is extracellular fluid (ECF) defined, and what are its components?

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the liquid outside of cells, encompassing interstitial fluid and plasma, playing a vital role in nutrient transport and waste removal.