Unit 2 Review - APUSH

Includes Chapters 4, 5, and 6.

What are Borderlands?

Places where two or more nations border each other and where power is dispersed, causing hybrid cultures.

What were the most populous colonies in 1775 and where did most people live?

Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland. 90% lived in rural areas.

What kind of diversity did Pennsylvania have and what did they do?

German, Scots-Irish. Scots-Irish copped down trees, planted crops between stumps. Most diversity was in Philadelphia and Chesapeake region.

What was the Paxton Boys?

Armed march in Philadelphia in 1764 by Scots-Irish in protest against the Quaker establishment lenient policies toward natives.

What was the Regulator Movement?

A violent uprising in 1768-71 in the backcountry of NC against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs.

What percentage of Africans made-up the South and what were the conditions?

90% and in the Carolinas it was terrible (from Indigo and Rice plantations). The Chesapeake region required less labor because tobacco did not need constant maintaining.

How did African Americans become a thing?

Africans created new cultures in the Americas like new languages and songs.

What was the New York Slave Revolt?

Uprising in 1712 of two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nonwhites and the execution of 21 participating blacks. Caused by the constant labor and lack of rights.

What was the South Carolina Slave Revolt?

Uprising in 1739 of more than 50 South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. Tried to migrate to Spanish Florida before being intercepted by SC military.

What were British Convicts?

British people from London brought over to the Americas for breaking the law in London.

What were some heavy export items in the middle colonies and south?

Middle - Tobacco, grain, cattle.
South - Tobacco, Rice Indigo.

What percentage of industry was agriculture?

90%

What was the Molasses Act?

Act by Parliament in 1733 to eliminate North American trade with French West Indies.

What was the issue with road-ways?

They were very dangerous with contain barricades, broken bridges, carriage overturns.

What two churches were tax-supported?

The Anglican and Congregation Church

The Anglican Church became the official faith of what colonies?

Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and parts of New York.

What was Arminianism?

Named after Dutch Jacobus Arminius who preached that free will is determined by eternal fate and all people could be saved if they accepted God.

What was the Great Awakening?

Lasted from 1730s-40s and was a religious revival that swept through the colonies. Created by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

What was Old Lights?

Orthodox clergymen who were skeptical of the Great Awakening.

What was New Lights?

Advocates for the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion.

Summarize education in the Colonies

Education was primarily for males and was heavily looked upon in the Congregational church for its connection with the bible.
Most people could not attend school because of labor.
College was geared towards ministry.

What was Poor Richard’s Almanack?

Since art was looked down in New England, this widely read pamphlet gave emphasis on industry and morality.

What was the Zenger Trial?

A legal case in 1734-1735 that involved John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer. He was charged with printing things that assailed the corrupt royal governor of New York. This gave way to freedom of press.

What were Royal Colonies?

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king.

What were proprietary colonies?

Colonies of Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania under the control of local proprietors who appointed colonial governors.

What colonies elected their own governors?

Connecticut, Rhode Island.

Why was colonial legislation not very good?

The legislation was split into many parts such as the upper house and the lower house. The upper house consisted of Royal governors, some of which were corrupt. This gave them priority over the lower house, which was elected by the people.

What was the issue with winters in New England colonies?

Heat was a huge issue with houses and churches unheated. Winter sports were common in the North and card playing was famous in the South.

What did poor people have to wear on their clothing?

A letter P

What is the War of Jenkin's Ear?

Small war between Spanish and British in 1739 in the Caribbean

How did the British attempt to take control of the Ohio Valley?

Virginia’s governor sent George Washington to secure Virginia’s claims in 1754, but had to surrender after he was surrounded by French troops.

Acadians?

French residents of Nova Scotia who were evicted by the British in 1755 and scattered into Louisiana.

French and Indian War? After effects?

Caused by British attempts of taking control of Ohio Valley, it spanned from 1754-63 between the British and French. Led to the expulsion of the French from North America and helped spark the wider Seven Years’ War. Caused more migration of British peoples.

Seven Years’ War?

War from 1756-63 that was the first global war with battles on nearly every continent. The British debt after the war played a critical role in the American Revolution.

Regulars?

Trained Soliders for the British.

What did Benjamin Franklin’s Join or Die cartoon emphasize?

The need for colonial unity in the face of external threats.

Albany Congress?

Intercolonial congress in 1754 created British government to create greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

Who was General Edward Baddock?

Experienced warfare expert that tried capturing Fort Duquesne in 1755 but was apprehended by French and Indian soldiers leading to their defeat.

When did the British invade into Canada? What happened?

1756 but they were continually defeated when they attacked small outposts rather than Quebec and Montreal.

Who was John Rolfe?

Chosen to lead the British army by William Pitt, he led troops to Quebec where he snuck in and fought the French army, leading to French defeat.

Battle of Quebec?

British victory in 1759 over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

What happened to the Iroquois after the French and Indian War?

They now vulnerable without an ally and had to negotiate with British forces. This caused conflicts with the British placing soldiers in their region and natives attacking.

Pontiac’s War?

Bloody war in 1763 by Ottawa Chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio country. Pontiac was crushed by British troops who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox.

Proclamation of 1763

Issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac’s War, it prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians.

Republicanism?

All citizens willingly work towards the common good.

Radical Whigs?

A group of British political commentators who criticized the monarchy's corruption and attempted to sustain liberties.

Mercantilism?

A system in which the British expected the colonies to export raw materials to Britain and import manufactured goods exclusively from Britain.

Navigation Law of 1650?

All goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. This caused a currency shortage in the colonies, leading people to smuggle. They exported more than they imported.

Sugar Act?

The first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England. It taxed foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. 1764

Quartering Act?

Began in 1765 and required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops

Stamp Act?

Required colonists to use stamped paper to certify payment of taxes on goods like newspapers, legal documents, and diplomas.

Admiralty Courts?

Courts used for offenders that violated the various Navigation Acts. Lacked juries.

What did all of these additional taxes cause (Stamp Act, Sugar, etc)?

Rebels as they felt the laws were starting to impinge on their liberties.

Stamp Act Congress?

27 delegates from 9 colonies met in New York City where they created a statement of rights and grievances and requested the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation. LED TO Stamp agents forced to resign to prevent the collection of tax.

Nonimportation Agreements?

Agreements made to not import British goods which led to unionism.

Sons of Liberty & Daughters of Liberty?

Sons: Ruthless advocates for independence that tarred and feathered tax collectors

Daughters: Protested the taxes and tarred the tax collectors.

Declaratory Act?

Reaffirmed England's right to rule absolutely over the American colonies.

Townshend Acts?

Passed in 1767 Parliament put an import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.

Boston Massacre?

On March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fire on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them.

Who was Samuel Adams?

Master of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty)

What did the British do with the East India Company?

In 1773 the British government sold millions of tons of overstocked tea to the Americas at a low cost. The colonists rejected the tea besides the people of Massachusetts, who were ordered by Thomas Hutchinson to accept.

Boston Tea Party?

On December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. Occurred because of tea tax without representation.

Intolerable Acts?

Laws that restricted town meetings and required that officials who killed colonists in the line of duty to be sent to Britain for trial. Resulted from the Boston Tea Party.

Boston Port Act?

It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid following the Boston Tea Party.

Quebec Act?

Passed in 1774, it gave French Catholics religious freedom and restored the French civil law. Colonists opposed this because it angered anti-Catholics and extended the land area of Quebec.

First Continental Congress?

A consultative body in 1774 where people met in Philadelphia to respond to the Intolerable Acts. 12 of the 13 colonies (excluding Georgia) sent 55 men to the convention.

What did the First Continental Congress create?

Documents like a Declaration of Rights and appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people.

The Association?

Called for a complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and non-consumption.

Lexington and Concord?

First battles of the Revolutionary War fought outside of Boston.

What did the British have over the Colonists?

Stronger military and naval power when they declared war.

What resulted from British declaring war on the Americas?

French declared war on British in Europe, Britain's army in America had to operate under many difficulties; officers were not well-trained, troops were operating far from their home base. The British didn’t have a strong city to attack.

Who was Marquis de Lafayette?

Frenchman who was a major general in the colonial army. His services were valuable in securing further aid from France.

How was the economics in the Americas?

Following the war, money was poor. The lack of metallic money in America forced the Continental Congress to print paper money. This money soon lost value and individual states were forced to print their own money.

How did woman contribute in the revolution?

They maintained farms and businesses.

Camp Followers?

Woman who cooked and sewed for troops in return for money and rations.

Who was Baron von Steuben?

German who helped train the American fighters to fight the British.

How did Blacks contribute in the revolution?

Many enlisted into the war and some served as cooks, guides, spies.

Who was Lord Dunmore?

In 1775, he issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved blacks in Virginia who joined the British army.

Why did the Chesapeake peoples not live long?

They suffered disease from malaria and dysentery. They prioritized tobacco, starving themselves.

What are Indentured Servants?

People who voluntarily worked for 4-7 years in return for trans-atlantic passage and freedom. Usually got “freedom dues” - Included barrels of corn, land, clothing.

Headright System?

System in Massachusetts and Virginia that encouraged migration of indentured servants. People got 50 acres of land for every person that migrated.

Summarize Bacon’s Rebellion.

William Berkeley (gov. VA) didn’t respond to Indians attacking people. This led to rebellion where Nathaniel Bacon and his followers torched Jamestown in 1676. Led to Bacon’s dead and his followers being hung.

How were labor needs increased in the Carolinas?

Increased yield of rice and indigo.

Royal African Company?

English joint-stock company involving slave-trade into the North American colonies. Lost its monopoly on carrying slaves which caused a huge rush for slaves.

Slave Codes?

Set of laws in 1662 defining racial slavery. Limited their education and their rights.

What hierarchy group had the biggest amount of people in the south?

The “small farmers” who owned 1-2 slaves.

How were Indentured Servants replaced with African Slaves?

As morality rates decreased, Africans were imported because they served for life and benefits didn’t need to be produced. People in Europe also got wages increased.

How did the North differ from the South? (make a list)

North - Morality rate was lower from climate and water, Environment prevented agriculture (relied on livestock), Families generally migrated and reproduced, education was prioritized by Puritans, became good shipbuilders

South - Woman usually inherited land following their husbands death, Men outnumbered woman significantly, morality rate was extreme.

What was the Half-Way Covenant?

Agreement in 1662 allowing unconverted offspring of Puritan Church members to baptize their children.

Summarize the Salem Witch Trials

Started in Salem, MA with two girls saying a witch possessed them. Lasted from 1692-93 where anyone believed to be a witch was put to death.

What were the jobs of woman compared to men? (make a list)

Men - Cleared Land, Fenced, Planted, Cut Firewood.

Woman - Wove, Cooked, Cleaned, Cared for young.

Leisler’s Rebellion?

Conflict in 1689-91 between merchants led by Jacob Leisler. Uprising erupted when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structures in New England.

What happened when a land-owner (man) died in the North?

The Puritan Church inherited the land rather than the woman. Puritans feared that more women's rights would decrease married persons.

How did George Whitefield influence the Great Awakening?

Preached to people outside of churches against predestination, recalling that you can have a relationship directly with god.

How did Jonathon Edwards influence the Great Awakening?

Wrote a book (Sinners of an Empty Hand) which is designed to scare people into joining churches.