Plants and Humans Final Exam (Chapters 11-15)

Climate Change

All the effects associated with the rise of greenhouse hases

Global Warming

Increase in global atmospheric temperature due to greenhouse gases

Greenhouse Effect

Natural warming of the planet that allows life to exist

Greenhouse Gases

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere (carbon dioxide; water vapor)

Enhanced Greenhouse Gases

Unnatural warming of the planet due to increased concentration of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activity

Carbon Dioxide

Metabolism, deforestation, burning of fossil fuels

Methane

Metabolism, anaerobic decay of manure

Natural Sources of Greenhouse Gases

Decay of vegetation, respiration of some bacteria, thawing of permafrost

Greenhouse Gas Emissions By Sector

Transportation, Power Plants/Electricity Generation, Industry,/Manufacturing, Residential and Commercial Areas, Agriculture

Effects of Climate Change

Greater warming of poles, higher global temperature, more precipitation or drought, glaciers melting, sea level rise, acidic oceans, longer growing seasons, pests range expansion

Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods

Photosynthesis and Carbon Capture and Storage

Combat Climate Change

Less fossil fuels, less energy, green building techniques, 3 Rs, biofuels

Goal of Agriculture

Feed 8 billion+ people

Development of agriculture

10,000-12,000 years ago

Prehistoric Agriculture

Agricultural practiced before the development of writing systems

Earliest grown crops

Maize, wheat, rice, barley, legumes

Effects of Early Agriculture

Development of cities, writing systems, development of science and math, war, expeditions

Types of Modern Agriculture

Traditional Farm, Tree Farm, Orchard, Ranches, hydroponic farming, organic Farming, conventional farming

Agricultural Process

Preparing the land, tending the crops, harvesting the crops, caring for land between growing seasons

Domestication

Form of artificial selection

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms whose DNA has been changed using DNA technology

Transgenic Organisms

Organisms with DNA from a different species

Concerns about GMOs

Unknown long-term effects, changes “natural” process, reputation of agricultural companies

Plant Improvement

Hardiness, increased yield, pest residence, adaptability, good quality, taste, consistency/sustainability life cycle, health benefits

Ways To Reduce Impact of Agriculture on Environment

Increase organic farming, plant diversity, plant native species around farms, use less space, whole plant use, organic and slow-release fertilizers, plant a cover crop, reduce plowing, land reclamation

Monosaccharides

One single sugar unit

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides joined together

Polysaccharide

Many monosaccharides

Cellulose

Makes up plant cell wall

Leafy, Green Vegetables

Few carbs and has fiber and vitamins

Grass Family

Oats, wheats, rice, sorghum, rye, millet, barley, corn

Starches

Potatoes, yams, sweet potatoes, sugars

Legume Family

Soybeans, peanuts, chickpeas/Garbanzo Beans, alfalfa

Oils and Fats

Beans, avocados, nuts, coconuts

Citrus Family

Vitamin C

Ross Family

Apples, peaches, blackberries (anthocyanins)

Potato Family

Tomato, chili peppers, eggplant

Carrot Family

Carrot, celery

Grape Family

Red ones

Cabbage Family

Dark green, leafy vegetables

Cucurbit Family

Squash, pumpkins

Spices

Other parts of the plant like bark or seed

Herbs/Spices

Change the flavor of food

Flavor

Taste + smell

Taste

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, savory

Terpene

Volatile molecules, when used in cooking they’re added near the end, fragrant

Mint Family

Basil, oregano, rosemary

Carrot Family

Dill, cumin, cilantro

Mustard Family

Horseradish, wasabi

Potato Family

Chili peppers

Pepper Family

Peppercorns

Ginger Family

Tumeric, cardamom

Vanilla

Vanilla manifold, native to Mexico

Capsicum (Peppers)

Tropical Americas, bell peppers, jalapeño peppers, chili peppers

Stimulating Beverages

Tea (black, white, oolong, green), Coffee, Colas and energy drinks

Depressive Beverages

Beer, Sake, Wine, Spirits

Psychoactive Plants

Tobacco, marijuana, opium poppy, peyote

Medicinal Plants

Aloe Vera, willow tree bark, periwinkle, cinchona trees, purple foxglove, Shikimic acid, type II diabetes