ch 3- neural control of exercising muscles

neurons have ______ basic structure everywhere in the body

the same

resting membrane potential is the difference in

electrical charges between the outside and inside of cell

high Na ____ of cell, high K _____ of cell

outside, inside

inside of the cell is more ____ relative to outside

negative

resting membrane potential is maintained by

sodium potassium pumps

sodium potassium pumps move __ Na out for each _ K in

3, 2

during the resting membrane potential, Na channels are ___ and K channels are ___

closed, open

inhibitory signal = in a K efflux =

hyperpolarization

excitatory signal = Na influx =

depolarization

schwann cells

fatty sheath around axon

larger axon diameter means a

faster propagation down axon

synapse

junction or gap between neurons

order of transmission of action potentials

axon → synapse → dendrite

signal changes form across

synapse

neuromuscular junction

site of neuron to muscle communication

neuromuscular junctions neurotransmitter

Ach

Ach binds to receptor at motor end plate and causes

depolarization

ach can be left in synaptic cleft t/f and why

false- would lead to constant contraction

exercise ____ release and sensitivity to Ach

increases

ach and norepinephrine both govern

exercise

ach mediates what type of nervous system effects?

parasympathetic

NE mediates what type of nervous system effects?

sympathetic

what triggers graded potentials on a new cell?

neurotransmitters

more excitatory postsynaptic potentials =

more depolarizing

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials =

more hyperpolarizing

ESPSs are

depolarizing and excitatory

ISPSs are

hyperpolarizing and inhibitory

outermost layer of cerebrum and control of conscious brain (mind, intellect, awareness)

cerebral cortex

what does the frontal lobe control?

general intellect and motor control

what does the temporal lobe control?

auditory input and interpretation

what does the parietal lobe control?

general sensory input and interpretation

what does the occipital lobe control?

visual input and interpretation

what does the insular lobe control?

emotion and self perception

primary motor cortex is in the frontal lone and controls

skeletal muscle movement

basal ganglia/cerebral white matter initiates

sustained or repetitive movements

basal ganglia/cerebral white matter controls

walking, running, posture, and muscle tone

what determines what we are consciously aware of and serves as a major sensory relay center?

thalamus

hypothalamus functions

maintains homeostasis and regulates internal environments

functions of the cerebellum

controls rapid, complex movements- coordinates timing and sequence

executes and refines movements based on input from primary motor cortex

what part of the brain compares movements and initiates corrections based on body posotion and muscle status?

cerebellum

analgesia system is the ____ system and releases ____ with exercise

pain control, endorphins

nociceptors are what kind of receptors?

pain

blood flow redistribution

blood is shunted to areas that need it using autonomic control over vasodilation/vasoconstriction

sympathetic stimulation does what to metabolic rate, glucose levels, and FFA levels?

increases all by increasing glycogen and triglyceride breakdown

sensory input can evoke motor response regardless of point of integration t/f

true

as level of control needed over movements increases, the signal moves ____ into the brain

higher

muscle spindle senroy neurons sense

stretch

what is triggered to initiate muscle contraction to prevent injury?

muscle spindle

golgi tendon organs are stimulated by

excessive tension

fiber types are mixed in a single motor unit t/f

false