Geo Urban World

population density

number of people per square km

population distribution

where people live in a given area

What is the UK's population? Population density? Extent of urbanisation?

69 million people, nearly 300 people/km^2, 85% of people live in urban areas.

Describe the age structure of London

-Majority of London's population is working age, economically active, population tends to be equally distributed across different age groups but decreases at age of 60+.-Rest of England and Wales follows this trend, but Greater London is slightly younger.

Describe the population of Inner London vs Outer London

Inner boroughs: eg City of London and Lewisham

Outer boroughs: eg Bexley and Croydon

-More people live in outer London boroughs than Inner London: over 60% of London's population lives in outer London.

Locate London.

Southeast of England, River Thames runs through it. It is the capital of the UK

Describe the national importance of London.

-Historically, Thames used as a means of navigation- allowed access to/from London, made London the trade centre of the UK. Modern day London still a transport hub for surrounding hub, though it has migrated to being a centre for the UK's road and railway networks.(Eg M1 motorway converges on London)

-It has the UK's most popular tourist destinations with its major theater/music venues, such as the O2 and West End.

Describe the international importance of London.

-Centre for international transport, has UK's 2 busiest airports in Heathrow and Gatwick, allows tourists, immigrants to enter the UK via London.

-Wealthiest UK city, many lare TNCs have headquarters there- including SHELL, HSBC.

World City

City that is a major centre for global affairs- such as finance, trade, business and mass media.

Describe the changing faces of London

-40% non-white

-84% in very good/good health

-38% have high level qualifications

How has London's population changed over time?

From 1 milliion to 9 million over last 200 years, with rate of growth slowing past 7 million

Describe London's economic activity

-Majority of London is economically active- age of 25-29 years -Minority is economically dependent- 10% older than 65, 28% younger than 16.

Intergrated transport network

-Describes how all forms of transport linking to eachother, including public and private transport- as public transport accounts for 25% of London's journeys.

-eg UK motorways converge in London, allowing access to Heathrow and Gatwick.

-Beneficial, as private transport through cars not always possible from high congestion and limited parking. Visitors without private transport can also access London.

-More robus transport, railways strikes less affecting

Urban Greening

-Increasing and preserving proportion of area of green spaces in city

-Small scale, enourages more biodiversity which is more pleasant for people- for example people feel encouraged to feed Great Tit birds

-Largre scale connects existing green spaces, leads to specie migration

-Eg is Garden Bridge across Thames.

-Better QoL for those living in the area- green spaces serve as socialising areas, can provide cover on hot day.

-Lower flood risk, plant life provides water storage, slows water reaching ground and slows surface runoff.

How is the cultural mix an opportunity in London

-2021 census, UK receives 150,000 non-UK migrants.

-Enriches London with diverse food, music variety- like BBC's Asian radio, exposes people to other cultures.

-Cultural appreciaton through Notting Hill, which predominantly celebrates the windrush generation.

-However poses integration issues- immigrants may not receive all benefits of UK citizens. Also more likely to be poor, cultural/economic divide.

How is recreation and entertainment an opportunity in London?

-Cultural attractions in British Museum, National Gallery- attracts visitors, who are likely to spend money on numerous aspects of entertainment, creating a tourism industry in London.

-Leads to gentrification, with positive and negative consequences- can feel hostile to older residents, but newer, younger population is economically activity and likely to have money to spend on business in area. as they are attracted to exciting lifestyle. -20 million annual tourists.

How is employment an opportunity in London.

-London residents more likely to work in managerial, professional and techincal occupatons- London residents are subsequently paid more. London generates 22% of UK's GDP, recent years experienced large growth in tertiary sector in areas scuch as business services, accounting

-More diverse employment opportunities leads to a more diverse and robust economy. More wealthy people can spend more, multiplier effect..

Rural-urban fringe

The boundary between the urban area and the rural area

Brownfield site

Old and abandoned industrial land

Greenfield site

Green areas where building is restricted

Derelict

Old, rundown area.

Compare greenfield and brownfield sites in solving the housing crisis.

Brownfield:

-Many sites available, due to London's industrial decline

-Only net benefit from building over it- has no positive effect if left as brownfield site

-More expensive to build over, as you must clean it first.

Greenfield:

-Not all greenfield is useful- may be better to build over it.

-Cheaper to build over

-Benefits as just a greenfield- cleans air, beneficial to mental health

-Contributes to urban sprawl

Social deprivation

degree which a person or community lacks essentialities for a decent life- work, money, housing, services.

Inequalities

Extreme differences between poverty and wealth

Deindustrialisation

Loss of factories within area- eg Stradford

Urban decline

deterioration of inner city often caused by lack of investment/maintenance

What effects does deindustrialisation have?

-Leads to lack of businesses- people find it unpleasing to live near run down factories, move elsewhere and businesses follow suit.

-Forces people out of jobs- higher skilled workers leave, less skilled workforce in area, less invester confidence

-Flytipping, lowers area reputation, cycle repeats.

How does deindustrialisation affect Newham, and Kensignton + Chelsea?

-Difference in education, as in poorer areas (Newham) are 4X less likely to get to uni then K and C.

-Life expectancy in Newham is 83 for woman vs 87 in K and C.

-Unemployment in K and C is 3.9% vs Newham's 9.4%

How does Kensignto and Chelsea compare to Newham?

Newham - live in small flats

K and C- expensive houses, go for millions of pounds.

Economic inequality in London

Over 2 million people live in poverty, and London houses 36 billionaires

-Boroughs in London receiving most benefits are in the central East, such as Newham- over 20% of people receive benefits there.

-Vs places likes Chelsea with 5-10%

How do wealth levels impact life expectancy in London?

-More affluent, can afford private healthcare, better diet, more leisure time/time for exercise, can retire earlier, can take holidays

What affects does poor air quality have? What causes it?

-Social: people with respiratory diseases can have their illnesses further irritated (eg Ella Krissi-Debrah, first death recognised as being from poor air quality Feburary 2013.)

-Puts more stress on already struggling NHS.

-Caused by emission of So2 and No2

What causes poor air quality?

-Densely packed buildings prevent fumes from escaping. Also leaves no space for greenery that can intake Nox and So2.

-Heating systems such as boilers release Nox and So2 as waste products.

-2008, over 4000 premature deaths due to pollution.

-London regularly exceeds EU limits for air pollution

Give 3 solutions for London's air quality issue.

-Providing alternate transport options- if people are given more convenient, public options they will take that reducing Nox and So2 emissions. Eg TFL farehopper scheme, limits money spent to encourage people to take it.

-Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) applied London wide- if a vehicle is owned does not meet the requirements, they are forced to pay a daily charge to drive in London.

-Urban greening- plants absorb gaseous pollutants, but it may damage them

Why is waste a problem in London?

-London's 32% national recycling rate vs national 44%- waste goes to landfills which are unsightly to live next to(methane released smells) and take up valuable space that cannot be used to build houses.

-Incineration releases mutagens and carcinogenics.

2 solutions for London's waste problem.

Northern London Heat and Power Project- constructino of facilities in Einfied. Planned to generate 78MW of heat and power, powering nearly 130,000 homes and giving jobs for 2500.

-Carbon capture and storage, creates full time, half time and apprenticeships. However issues with prolonging necessary switch to renewable sources of energy and high maintenance costs.

Locate Stradford. Why was the regeneration needed?

East London.

-Newham is one of most deprived boroughs of London due to abandoned industrial sites. Low life expectancy, low academic achievement. 2nd most dangerous borough in London, at 135 crimes/100 people.

Sucesses of Stradford regen

Improved education- Chobham Academy covering all levels of education.

-Stradford got new station connecting to rest of London

-New greenland space formed used by animals as habitat such as ponds and woodlands.

Challenges of Stradford regen

'Affordable' housing, 2800 new homes unaffordable to poorest residents.

-Olympic stadium cost 3 times estimated budget

-Games held at olympic stadium produced over 3 million tonnes of CO2.

How is Stradford's water sustainable? Why isnt this more widely applicable?

Rainwater is collected and filtered naturally by reed beds and pumped for grey water usage.

-Green roofs slow down rate of rain water drainage.

-Easier to do with houses designed to account for this, retrofitting may not be possible

How is Stradford's energy sustainable?

Uses Combined HEat Power, which is more effiecient as it generates both heat and electricity. High density apartments with high insulation standards loses less heat. Biomassa burnt, heats water, pumped to complex.

Cannot go over long distances(loses heat)

Why did Manchester need sustainable transport?

Commuting is major problem as lack of infrastructure separates public and private transport- buses are slow. Large 500,000 people population.

What was implemented into Manchester?

Trams implemented which are powered by electricity and emit no local air pollution. Quiet, less noise pollution.