ethnic identity and inequalities ☆

REX + TOMLINSON: black underclass

working class ethnic minorities face further social challenges than the white working class because of their few numbers and lack of status in racist societies

• this effects employment and housing opportunities

FRANK PARKIN

ethnic minorities suffer from both class and status inequality

BARRON + NORRIS: dual labour market

white men dominate secure jobs with good salaries and promotional prospects, ethnic minorities (women especially) have jobs with poor conditions and poor pay due to their lack of status

RICHARD DYER: the matter of whiteness

‘whiteness’ is seen as the cultural norm, and not seen as an identifying feature in the same way as ‘black’ or ‘asian’

• this creates an ‘otherness’ when describing people by their ethnicity

ROGER HEWITT: ‘white backlash’

found that a reaction to a perceived threat to ‘whiteness’ led to a racist subculture of white nationalists

• white working-class felt overlooked and left behind

• others expressed frustration with political correctness