Endocrine System

Adrenal cortex releases hormones for \___ term stress

long term stress

Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism (enlarged thyroid)

Increase in metabolism, unexplained weightloss, rapid or irregular heart rate, sweating, irritability, elderly have no symptoms

Common symptoms of hypothyroidism

Older women, fatigue, sensitive to cold, dry skin, unexplained weight gain, slow heart rate

Cortisol helps raise

blood glucose levels so the body can produce more ATP to deal with stress

endocrine have

no ducts, hormones released into the blood stream and have chemical messengers called hormones

Excess glucose is converted into...

glycogen (polysaccharide) is stored in the liver

exocrine have

ducts to carry secretions

Function of glucagon

converts glycogen back into glucose molecules

Function of insulin

lowers blood glucose levels

Function of T3

helps T4 function

Glucocorticoid is released to...

give energy

Glucocorticoids, also called

cortisol

High glucose levels may result in:

1. Increase risk of Types 2 diabetes
2. May increase risk of heart disease
3. May increase the risk of cancer
4. May increase risk of depression
5. May accelerate skin aging
6. May increase cellular aging
7. Increase the chance of kidney disease
8. Accelerate cognitive decline
9. Increase the risk of gout
10. Negatively impact dental health
11. Lead to a buildup of fat in the liver
12. Cause weight gain

How do endocrine cells communicate?

By secreting hormones

How does calcitonin lower blood Ca levels?

stimulates bones to add calcium, stops the intestines from absorbing calcium, inhibits kidneys from reabsorbing calcium into the blood

How does the parathyroid hormone raise calcium levels?

stimulates bones to release calcium, promotes intestines to absorb calcium, and promotes kidneys to reabsorb calcium into the blood

How is melatonin secreted?

Cyclic manner that is coupled to light/dark cycle of the day

Hypercortisolism is also referred to as

Cushing's syndrome

Hypothalamus serves as a

homeostatic control center

Hypotyroidism in infants is called?

Cretinism

If thyroid hormone levels are low, what is this called and what are some symptoms

Hypothyroidism, slow heart rate and weight gain

If thyroid hormones levels are high, what is this called and what are some symptoms

Hyperthyroidism, rapid heart rate and weight loss

If you have excess sugar (glucose) in your blood,

insulin sends it to the liver to be stored

Insulin keeps blood from

having to much glucose in it

Is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine long term?

No, it is a short rapid response to stress

Major function of the endocrine system

maintain homeostasis in the body

Major mineralcorticoids hormone

aldosterone

Need for thyroid stimulating hormone cycle

1) Hypothalamus detects need for thyroid hormones
2)Sends a signal to the anterior pituitary to manufacture and release TSH
3) TSH goes through blood and attaches to receptor cells of the thyroid gland
4)Thyroid cells are instructed to manufacture their hormones

People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce what and why cant they

produce insulin because their beta cells have been destroyed

People with type 1 diabetes may suffer from....

hyperglycemia (take insulin injections)

Positive Feedback Loop of Oxytocin

1) Sucking on nipplle stimulates nerve receptors
2) Impulse travels along nerves to the hypothalamus
3)Hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
4)Oxytocin travels trough the blood stream to the mammary glands
5)Milk is ejected

Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome

exaggerated facial roundness, weight gain around midsection and upper back, thin arms and legs, easy bruising and stretch marks

Symptoms of infant hypothyroidism

prevents organ systems from developing, mentally retarted, short body and thick tongue and neck

The release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone causes

stimulates the outer area (cortex) of the adrenal gland to manufacture and secret adrenal hormones

To much cortisol can result in:

chronic disease, high blood pressure, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, lack of energy, difficulty sleeping, difficulty concentrating, impaired immune system

Too little glucose in the blood

glucagon is released from pancreas

What are hormones?

chemical messengers that are a lipid or a protein molecule

What are Na+ and K+ essential for?

Proper nerve and muscle cell function

What are the 3 Growth Hormone disorders and what causes them?

1) Gigantism (hypersecretion)
2) Acromegaly (hypersecretion)
3)Dwarfism (hyposecretion)

What are the 9 major endocrine glands?

Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary and testis

What are the inner and outer portion of the adrenal gland?

Adrenal cortex (outter) and adrenal medulla (inner)

What are the two symptoms of type 2?

body doesn't produce enough insulin, or target cells are less responsive to insulin

What are two examples of thyroid hormone regulation?

Regulate heart rate and how fast your intestines process food

What breaks down glucose and what does it turn into?

Cellular respiration breaks it down and its energy is placed into ATP

What causes cushings disease/hypercortisolism?

to much cortisol

What contributes to our normal bone and muscle mass?

growth hormone

What detects the need for ACTH and TSH

hypothalamus

What does ADH stand for and what is the function?

Antidiuretic Hormone, reduces the amount of water lost in urine, maintains the body's overall water balance

What does aldosterone promote in the kidneys

absorb sodium ions and secrete potassium ions. Regulates sodium and potassium levels

What does calcium enable?

Nerves and muscles to function

What does HbA1c measure?

What does Norepinephrine and Epinephrine cause

increase mental alertness, heart-rate and blood pressure increase, blood glucose levels rise and muscles are energized

What does the growth hormone do?

Causes dramatic increase in mass and length of muscles and bone

What does the hypothalamus monitor?

Temperature, Water Level, Amount of Substance

what does the pineal gland secrete

melatonin

What does type 2 diabetes also cause

hyperglycemia

What element is required for thyroid hormone production

iodine

What growth hormone disorder occurs after the sealing of the epiphyseal plate?

Acromegaly

What happens when conditions go outside their specific range?

The hypothalamus responds via the pituitary gland

What happens when TSH is released from the anterior pituitary?

It stimulates the thyroid gland to manufacture and secrete thyroid hormone

What hormone does the parathyroid release?

The parathyroid hormone

What hormones are manufactured in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary?

Antidiuretic Hormone and Oxytocin

What hormones are produced in the thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

Thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing

What hormones does the adrenal medulla release

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (adrenaline)

What hormones generate physiological capability to respond to fight or flight reactions

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (adrenaline)

What is diabetic ketoacidosis

body doesnt have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into your cells to make ATP. The liver will catabolize lipids for fuel source whill leads to the formation of ketones. Too many ketones produced quickly result in body pH to be acidic

What is glucose

major energy source for the cells in our body

What is glucose converted into and what is the function of the final product?

Converted into ATP by cells and used to run the cells metabolism and continually provides energy to maintain the bodys metabolism

What is hypothyroidism in adults?

Myxedema

What is released by the adrenal cortex (outter)?

glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

What is the function of Calcitonin

lowers calcium levels

What is the function of oxytocin?

Stimulate milk excretion and birth contractions

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone

raise calcium ion levels

What is the homeostatic pH level of blood

7.40

What is the main function of prolactin

stimulate the development of mammary gland cells that will produce milk

What is the mission of the adrenocorticotropic hormone?

instruct the cortex of the adrenal gland what to do, produce and secrete adrenal cortex hormones

What is the most common type of diabetes?

type 2

What is the overall function of the thyroid hormones?

Regulate the speed at which cell metabolism works

What is thyroid hormone T3

Triiodothyroxine

What is thyroid hormone T4

Thyroxine

What is type 1 diabetes also called

juvenile diabetes

What is type 2 diabetes also called

adult onset diabetes

What is type 2 diabetes linked to?

Heredity and obesity

What occurs if iodine is missing from your diet?

Thyroid stimulating hormone will continue to try to get the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormone, so the thyroid will become enlarged creating a goiter.

What organ is involved in both digestion and endocrine function

pancreas

What produces the two hormones that regulate glucose metabolism?

Pancreatic Islets (groups of cells)

What promotes entrance of glucose into the cells body?

Insulin

What two hormones regulate glucose homeostasis

insulin and glucagon

What type of cells are used to produce hormones in the thyroid gland?

Cuboidal cells

What type of diabetes may result in ketoacidosis and what is that

Type 1, when blood becomes to acidic

When blood glucose levels drop,

glucagon is released from the pancreas' alpha cells in the pancreatic islets

When does most of the production of growth hormone take place?

Childhood and adolescence

When is calcitonin released?

when calcium ions in the blood rise above the set level, the thyroid manufactures and secrets calcitonin

When is parathyroid hormone produced?

When the amount of calcium ions in the blood are to low

When the body has to much water (ex.drinking to much water) what happens?

No ADH will be released. Kidneys release excess water into the urine

When the body is losing water (ex. sweating), what occurs?

ADH will be released if the water level in the body starts to drop

When there sis excess glucose in the blood,

body sends glucose to the liver for storage as glycogen

When you eat a meal glucose enters your blood, but it cant enter the cells without \_____

insulin