HSA REPRODUCTIVE

men/o

menstruation

-gravida

pregnant

gynec/o

woman, female

colp/o

vagina

cervic/o

neck

ov/o

egg

oophor/o

ovaries

prostat/o

prostate gland

orchid/o

testis, testicle

metr/o

uterus

episi/o

vulva (external female genitalia)

-pexy

fixation, put in place

salping/o

fallopian tube

mamm/o

breast

nulli-

no, not, none

vas/o

vessel, duct

epi

above, upon

endo

within, inner

hyster/o

uterus, womb

-ectomy

surgical removal

-rrhaphy

surgical suturing

male reporductive system

works to produce sperm and deliver it to the female reproductive system

sperm

sex cells that are produced by the testes and are needed to fertilize an egg

eggs (ova)

sex cells produced by the female reproductive organs

ovaries

female reproductive organs that produce eggs

fertilization

process by which a sperm and an egg and their genetic material join to create a new human life

union of one sperm and one ovum (egg)

takes place in fallopian tubes

fertilization is called ZYGOTE

testes (testicles)

male reproductive organs, produce sperm and testosterone

Testosterone

major male sex hormone, regulates body changes during puberty and influences sperm production

scrotum

sac containing the testes, muscles here move the tests closer to or further from body to regulate temp

penis

male reproductive organ that removes urine from body and can deliver pserm to the female repructive system

urethra

urine or sperm passes through the penis in here

Epididymis

sperm from testes travel through here

vas deferens

sperm from testes pass through here, sperm mixed with fluids to make semen

jock itch

fungal infection of groin area; exposure to moisture and heat increases the risk of jock itch

cystitis (bladder infection)

inflammation of urinary bladder; usually due to a bacterial infection

prostatitis

bacterial infection of prostate; may be related to STD

inguinal hernia

bulging of portion of intestines or other structure through weakness in abdominal wall

testicular torsion

twisting of a testis on nerves and blood vessels attached to it; can happen during athletic or other physical activities

undescended testes

failure of one or both testes to move from abdomen to scrotum during fetal development

prostate cancer

abnormal division of cells in prostate may be hereditary

testicular cancer

abnormal division of cells in the testes; may be hereditary

Keeping Male Reproductive System Healthy

know symptoms of testicular cancer (look for unusual lumps, swelling, or a feeling of heaviness, pain or discomfort in scrotum or abdomen)

if you notice any symptoms, tell parents and see doctor right away

female repoductive system

produce eggs and to provide a place to support and nourish a developing human

ovaries

female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones estrogen and progesterone

all of the eggs a female will ever had are already formed in her ovaries when she is born

estrogen

regulates body changes during puberty, secreted by ovaries prior to ovulation

progesterone

secreted by ovaries after ovulation

estrogen and progesterone

involved in regulating monthly cycles and in changes that take place in body during pregnancy

vagina

female reproductive organ that connects outside of body to the uterus and receives sperm during reproduction

also apart of birth canal through which baby is delivered

urethra

carries urine out of body from bladder, above and separate from vagina

uterus

female reproductive organ that provides a place to support and developing human

fallopian tubes

eggs travel from ovaries to uterus through these

menstrual cycle

prior to ovulation (release of egg)

lining of the uterus thickens to prepare to support a growing human during pregnancy

menstrual cucle

break down and discharge of the uterine lining out of vagina, occurs if a released egg is not fertilized

menstruation lasts on avg 3 to 7 days

avg cycle lasts 28 days

ovulation usually occurs on 14th day but length can vary

Vagintis

vaginal infection by fungus, bacteria or protozoa; may also be from STD

delayed puberty (amenorrhea)

late puberty due to anorexia, endocrine problems, excessive weight loss, and/or overexercise

menstrual cramps

cramps due to prostaglandin (hormone-like substance) production during menstruation

premenstural syndrome (PMS)

mental and physical changes related to menstrual cycle, but not completely understood

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

poisoning of body from bacteria in vagina; often related to tampon use

endometriosis

growth of tissue from uterine lining outside the uterus

ovarian cyst

failure of follicle in ovary to rupture and release an egg; may also be from growths or cancer

cervical cancer

abnormal division of cells in the cervix; may also be from STD

keeping the female reproductive system healthy

know signs of breast cancer (unusual lumps in breasts)

if you detect any, tell parents and see doctor right away

Zygote

fertilized egg

zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus about 3-5 days after fertilization

from implantation to 8 weeks after fertilization, known as an EMBRYO

Embryo

from implantation to 8 weeks after fertilization

Placenta

cells from both mom and embryo combine to form this, is implanted into uterus

acts as a filter between the mother's and baby's blood

Umbilical cord

connects developing embryo to placenta

contains: arteries and veins, inner matrix contains gel-like substance rich in stem cells

Length: at birth, 20 inches long

Amniotic Sac

fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the embryo, cushions and protects against infection

Fetus

from eight weeks after fertilization to birth

How long does pregnancy last?

40 weeks, broken into 3 trimesters

pregnancy is broke down into \______

trimesters (about thirteen weeks each)

1st trimester: cell to looking like a baby, your very tired

2nd trimester: baby is pretty built but becoming more defined

3rd trimester: feel like you carrying around a bowling ball

labor and delivery

3 stages

labor and delivery: stage 1

muscle contractions of the uterus cause the amniotic sac to rupture and the cervix to dilate to 10 cm in diameter

*THREE PHASES:*

a. early labor phase- time of onset of labor until cervix is dilated to 3 cm

b. active labor phase- continues from 3 cm until cervix is dilated to 7cm

c. transition phase: continues from 7cm until cervix is fully dilated to 10cm

labor and delivery: stage 2

delivery of the baby (called NEONATE)

baby should be born with face downwards

labor and delivery: stage 3

delivery of placenta (afterbirth) AND cutting of the umbilical cord

cesarean section (C-section)

baby is delivered through an incision in mother's abdomen

reasons for c-section

Transverse Position
Breech Presentation
Placenta Abruptio
Placenta Previa

complications of pregnancy

-Ectopic Pregnancy
-premature infant (preemie)

ectopic pregnancy

fertilized egg attaches to Fallopian tube instead of uterus

can result in rupture and hemorrhage

premature infant (preemie)

one born before the 37th week of pregnancy

diagnostic tests

ultrasonography (ultrasound), amniocentesis

Ultrasonography (ultrasound)

use of sound waves to create pics of internal structures

used to diagnose health problems in fetus and to determine sex of fetus

2D: first type of ultrasound
3D: still image version of advanced ultrasound
4D: video version of 3D
HD: newest version

amniocentesis

needle is inserted into uterus to remove small amt of amniotic fluid

fluid is tested to screen for certain diseases and birth defects

misscarriage

when baby dies before 20th week of pregnancy

15-20% of recognized pregnancies end in misscarriage

stillborn[birth]

when baby dies after 20th week of pregnancy

2% ends in stillbirth

Problems in Prenatal Development

sometimes a pregnancy begins, but a baby does not develop normally

Birth defects

some babies survive pregnancy but are born with serious problems

include:
-cerebral palsy
-cleft lift and/or palate
-down syndrome (trisomy 21)
-muscular dystrophy
-spina bifida

causes of birth defects: environmental

bc it is during the first few weeks that a baby develops ALL the body systems needed for survival

includes:
-any diseases/infections the mother has
-harmful substances
-some meds
-exposure to hazards (chemicals, x-rays, etc)

causes of birth defects: hereditary

sometimes child inherits defective gene that is dominant such as HUNTINGTON's

some conditions only affect one sex and is usually males
ex- hemophilia, colorblindness, etc

errors in chromosomes

when baby has too many or too few chromosomes or has broken or rearranged chromosomes

trisomy 21 (downs syndrome)- 3 \#21 chromosomes instead of just 2, is also trisomy 18 and 13

tuner syndrome- always affects girls and have 3 X chromosomes instead of normal 2

fragile X syndrome- caused when segment of chromosome is deleted or duplicated

diagnosis of birth defects

prenatal tests (tests done during pregnancy) can determine whether or not a baby will be born with a birth detect

AFP tests- blood test, tests proteins levels in liver and an abnormal level could be a birth defect

Ultrasound- can help determine problems with baby's skeletal, circulatory, or nervous systems

Amniocentesis- fluids are withdrawn from amniotic fluid and taken to a lab to be tested for birth defects

prevention of birth defects

avoid dangers to baby

*alcohol*
-leads to fetal alcohol syndrome
- 1 in 5 babies born with this doesn't live to see their 1st bday

*other drugs*
-meds thatre over the counter and prescribe by doctor
-caffeine
-nicotine
-all illegal drugs
-inhalants

*Exposure to drugs causes:*
-low birth weight
-SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
-risks of seizures
-tremors and developmental delay
-congenital heart disease

*hazardous substance and chemicals:*
-paint (low odor and/or latex)
-pesticides
-lead
-carbon monoxide
-mercury (found in fish)

*infections*
-if women gets infection during pregnancy, she should seek immediate doctor's attention

*include:*
-rubella
-toxoplasmosis
-chicken pox
-other diseases that may cause birth defects are STD's and AIDS

Exposure to drugs causes

-low birth weight
-SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
-risks of seizures
-tremors and developmental delay
-congenital heart disease

avoid infections

-if women gets infection during pregnancy, she should seek immediate doctor's attention

*include:*
-rubella
-toxoplasmosis
-chicken pox
-other diseases that may cause birth defects are STD's and AIDS

avoid alcohol

-leads to fetal alcohol syndrome
- 1 in 5 babies born with this doesn't live to see their 1st bday

avoid other drugs

-meds thatre over the counter and prescribe by doctor
-caffeine
-nicotine
-all illegal drugs
-inhalants

hazardous substance and chemicals

-paint (low odor and/or latex)
-pesticides
-lead
-carbon monoxide
-mercury (found in fish)

abstinence

decision not to have sex or engage in any sexual activity that would expose you to pregnancy or STD

prescription needed? *NO*

chance of STD *100%*

pregnancy *0 out of 100*

vaginal spermicides

chemcial kills sperm, inserted vaginally just before intercourse, usually used with another type of birth control

prescription needed? *OTC*

rate of effectiveness against STD * does not prevent*

pregnancy *15 out of 100*

Diaphragm/cervical cap

smalle latex cap inserted vaginally before intercourse, fits over cervix to block sperm from entering uterus, used with spermicide

prescription needed? *yes, doctor's prescription*

rate of effectiveness against STD *does not prevent*

pregnancy * 6-14 out of 100*