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bony prominences

areas of the body where the bone lies close to the skin

bruise (contusion)

a purple, black, or blue discoloration on the skin caused by the leakage of blood from broken blood vessels into the surrounding tissues

cellulitis

a skin infection caused by bacteria moving into the tissues due to a break in the skin

closed wound

a type of wound in which the skin's surface is not brokemn

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

dermis

inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin

epidermis

the outer layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin

gangrene

death of tissue caused by infection or lack of blood flow

integument

natural protective covering

lesion

an area of abnormal tissue or an injury or wound

melanin

the pigment that gives skin its color

melancoyte

cell in the skin that produces and contains the pigment called melanin

necrosis

the death of living cells or tissues caused by disease or injury

open wound

a type of wound in which the skin's surface is not intact

pressure injuries

localized damage to the skin that occurs due to shearing or to continued pressure over time; also known as pressure ulcers, pressure sores, decubitus, or bed sores

psoriasis

a chronic skin condition caused by skin cells growing too quickly that results in red, white, or silver patches, itching, and discomfort

scabies

a contagious skin infection caused by mites burrowing into the skin that result in pimple-like irritations, rashes, intense itching, and sores

shingles

a viral infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; results in pain, itching, and rashes

sitz bath

a warm soak of the perineal area to clean perineal wounds and reduce inflammation and pain

skin cancer

the growth of abnormal skin cells

tinea

a fungal infection that causes red, scaly patches to appear in a ring shape, generally on the upper body or on the hands and feet

wart

contagious hard bump caused by a virus

functions of integumentary system

prevent the loss of too much water

age-related changes of integumentary system

skin becomes less elastic

burns

first-degree (superficial)

ABCDE

asymmetry

anemia

a condition in which the amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the body is less than normal

angina pectoris

chest pain, pressure, or discomfort

arrhythmia

irregular heartbeat

artery

vessel that carries blood away from the heart

atria

the upper two chambers of the heart

capillaries

tiny blood vessels in which the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs between blood and cells

cardiomyopathy

a weakening of the heart muscle due to enlargement or thickening, which reduces the heart's ability to pump blood effectively

congestive heart failure (CHF)

a condition in which the heart muscle is damaged and fails to pump effectively

coronary artery diseases (CAD)

a condition in which the coronary arteries become damaged and narrow over time, causing chest pain and other symptoms

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

a condition in which a blood clot form in a large vein in the body, most often the leg

diastole

phase when the heart muscle relaxes

elastic stockings

stockings that are used to prevent swelling and blood clots and to promote circulation

embolism

the blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot or a foreign substance

heart

4 chambered pump that is responsible for the flow of blood in the body

hypoxia

a condition in which the body does not receive enough oxygen

ischemia

a lack of blood supply to an area

myocardial ichemia

a condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood and lacks oxygen; can cause angina pectoris

nitroglycerin

medication that relaxes the walls of the coronary arteries

occlusion

a complete obstruction of a blood vessel

orthopnea

shortness of breath when lying down that is relieved by sitting up

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

a condition in which the legs, feet, arms or hands do not have enough blood circulation

phlebitis

inflammation of the veins, usually in the lower extremities

pulmonary edema

a condition in which there is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs; usually due to heart failure

pulmonary embolism (PE)

a blockage in the pulmonary artery, usually by a blood clot

sequential compression device (SCD)

a plastic, air filled sleeve that is placed around the leg and inflates and deflates regularly to help improve circulation, reduce fluid build up, and prevent blood clots

stable angina

chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe stress

sudden cardiac arrest

a serious, often fatal condition in which there is a loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness

systole

phase when the heart is at work, contracting and pushing blood out of the left ventricle

thrombus

a blood clot in a blood vessel

unstable angina

chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting himself

vein

vessel that carries blood to the heart

ventricles

2 lower chambers of the heart

age related changes in circulatory system

- heart pumps less effectively

- blood vessels become less elastic

alveoli

tiny, grape-like sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs

asthma

a chronic and episodic inflammatory disease that makes it difficult to breathe and causes coughing and wheezing

bronchi

branches of the passages of the respiratory system that lead from the trachea into the lungs

bronchiectasis

a condition in which the bronchi become permanently dilated (widened) and damaged

bronchitis

an irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi

chest percussion

clapping the chest to help lungs drain with the force of gravity

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

a chronic, progressive, and incurable lung disease that causes difficulty breathing

emphysema

a chronic, incurable lung disease in which the alveoli in lungs become filled with trapped air; usually results from smoking and chronic bronchitis

expiration

exhaling air out of lungs

hemoptysis

the coughing up of blood forms the respiratory tract

inspiration

breathing air into the lungs

lungs

main organs of respiration responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)

a form of tuberculosis caused by an organism that is resistant to medication that is used to treat TB

oxygen therapy

the administration of oxygen to increase the supply of oxygen to the lungs

pneumonia

acute inflammation in the lung tissue caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection or chemical irritants

respiration

the process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs

sputum

mucus coughed up from the lungs

trachea

an air passage that goes from the throat (pharynx) to the bronchi; also called windpipe

tuberculosis (TB)

a contagious disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is transmitted through the air; usually affects the lungs, but other body parts can also be affected, such as the spine, brain, and kidney.

age-related changes to respiratory system

air sacs becomes less elastic

abduction

moving a body part away from the midline

adduction

moving a body part toward the midline of the body

amputation

the surgical removal of part or all of a body part

arthritis

a general term that refers to inflammation of the joints

atrophy

weakening or wasting away of muscles

bones

rigid connective tissues that make up the skeleton, lend support to body structures, allow the body to move, and protect the organs

bursae

tiny sacs of fluid that are located near joints and help reduce friction

bursitis

a condition in which the bursae become inflamed and painful

cartilage

the protective substance that covers the ends of bones and makes up the discs that are found between vertebrae

flexion

bending a body part

fracture

broken bone

full weight-bearing (FWB)

a doctor's order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight on both legs and has no weight-bearing limitations

joints

the points where two bones meet; provide movement and flexibility

ligaments

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones or cartilage and support joints and joint movement

muscles

groups of tissues that contract and relax, allowing motion, supporting the body, protecting organs, and creating heat

muscular dystrophy

an inherited, progressive disease that causes a gradual wasting of muscle, resulting in weakness, and deformity

Non-weight bearing (NWB)

a doctor's order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs.

Osteoarthritis

a type of arthritis that usually affects weight-bearing joints, especially the hips and knees; also called degenerative joint disease

osteopenia

a condition in which the bones become brittle and weak, causing them to break easily

Partial weight bearing (PWB)

a doctor's order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs