adolescent development 2

cultural beliefs

commonly held norms and moral standards of a culture, the standards of right and wrong that set expectations for behavior

symbolic inheritance

a set of “ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity.”

socialization

the process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture they live in.

self regulation

the capacity to restrain one’s impulses and comply with social norms. This includes the development of a conscience, which is the internal monitor of whether you are complying adequately with social norms; when your conscience determines that you are not, you experience guilt

role preparation

the acquisition of skills and behaviors required for social roles, including occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood.

sources of meaning

ideas and beliefs that indicate what is important, what is to be valued, and what is to be lived for. Human beings are uniquely existential creatures.

collectivistic values

cultures that emphasize these values promote the development of an interdependent self, such that people place a strong value on cooperation, mutual support, harmonious social relations, and contributions to the group.

individualistic values

cultures that emphasize these values promote the development of an independent self, such that people place a strong value on self-determination, individual freedoms, and individual achievements

broad socialization

cultures characterized by this favor individualism. They encourage uniqueness, independence, and self-expression.

narrow socialization

cultures characterized by this favor collectivism. They hold obedience and conformity to be the highest values and discourage deviation from cultural expectations.

sex

biological status of being female or male

gender

differences between boys and girls and between men and women are due to cultural and social beliefs, influences, and perceptions

gender socialization

the process through which cultures communicate gender expectations to children and adolescents.

differential gender socialization

the term for socializing boys and girls according to different expectations about the attitudes and behavior appropriate to each gender

gender schema

a gender-based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information.

self-socialization

Once young children possess gender schemas, they seek to maintain consistency between their schemas and their behavior, a process called…

social identity theory

Thinking of oneself and others as members of a social group, such as being a boy or a girl, leads to common biases, according to the…

social roles theory

social roles of men and women enhance or suppress different capabilities.

gender identity

refers to a person’s own understanding of their gender

actual self

your self-conception

possible selves

the persons you imagine you could become in the future depending on your choices and experiences

ideal self

the person the adolescent would like to be

feared self

the person the adolescent imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming.

false self

a self that they present to others while realizing that it does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling.

baseline self esteem

a person’s stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being

barometric self esteem

the fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of a day.

social loneliness

occurs when people feel that they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships

emotional loneliness

occurs when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy

psychosocial moratorium

a period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves.

identity diffusion

a status that combines no exploration with no commitment. no commitments have been made among the choices available to them, but no exploration is taking place. The adolescent at this stage is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments.

identity moratorium

involves exploration but no commitment. This is a stage of actively trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological possibilities.

identity foreclosure

commitment, but no exploration. These adolescents have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices. This is often a result of their parents’ strong influence.

identity achievement

combines exploration and commitment. The classification for young people who have made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices. 

assimilation

is the option that involves leaving behind the ways of one’s ethnic group and adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture.

marginality

involves rejecting one’s culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture.

separation

the approach that involves identifying only with members of one’s own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture

biculturalism

involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin, and one based in the majority culture