Social and Cultural Constraints in Motor Development

Environmental Sociocultural Constraints

Constraint regarding beliefs, thoughts, or expectations placed upon an individual

The beliefs, thoughts, and expectations placed upon an individual originate from an outside source

Why are Sociocultural Constraints are considered environmental?

Parents, Teachers, Coaches, Siblings, Peers

Main 5 sources of Sociocultural Consttants

Not directly visible or measurable, Cultural Norms shift as time passes

Why are Sociocultural constraints difficult to categorize

Maturationalists

Which perspective focuses on how Social and Culture influences shape development

Sex

What is the most prevalent Environmental Sociocultural Contraint

Sex

The biological characteristics that determine whether someone is male of female

Gender

The culturally defined sociological characteristics used to differentiate between men and women

Sex affects individual structural constraints, Gender affects sociocultural constraints

What type of constraints does Sex affect?, Gender?

Gender-Appropriate Gender Typing

When social agents encourage gender stereotypical activities

Gender-Inappropriate Gender Typing

When social agents discourage non-stereotypical activities

Slight difference between both genders, Must be Sociocultural Influence

Based on the Hall & Lee Research on grade 3-5 Female and Male Sport performance when Females had similar or more sport experiance. It was found that

Experiment where same woman dressed as 5 different characters of different golf skills, skills was judged differently based on appearance and personality.

Describe the Kim Hall Experiment

Pity for Kim’s Male Partner,

What was the reaction of the Ugly Ducking of the Kim Hall Experiment

Initial coldness turned to warmth once skill was shown

What was the reaction to the Tomboy Golfer in Kim Halls Experiment

Despite low skill, was still shown “kindness'“ through whistles and jokes.

Reaction to Damsel in Distress in Kim Hall Experiment

Disappointment, Conversation ended when she mention being a mom

Reaction to Plane Jane in Kim Hall Experiment

Coldness turned into interest when found out about being pro

Reaction to Golf Pro in Kim Hall experiment

Socializing agents, socializing situations, Personal Attributes

Influences within the socialization process model

Parents, Coaches, Peers.

Examples of socializing agents

Play environments, Games, Toys

Examples of socializing situations

Perceived sport ability, Perceived Intellectual Ability

Examples of personal attributes regarding the socialization process model

Participation during childhood and adolescence

Best predictor of long-term sport involvement is __________________

Fathers, Teachers, Peers, Self-efficacy, enjoyment, sports media, non-authoritarian parents

Predictors for boys sport participation

Fathers, Mothers, Sisters, Knowledge about exercise, levels of social support, non-authoritarian

Predictors for girls sport participation

Sedentary lifestyle, little encouragement, little support

Negative Impacts on sports development from parents and siblings

Gender role identification begins as peer groups form.

How do peer groups influence gender roles?

Boys are stereotyped to be aggressive and independent.

Why are boys typically socialized into sport according to stereotypes?

Parents have impact on initiation of activity, Teachers and Coaches have impact on continuation of activity.

What group of social influences has impact on initiation of activity? What group has influence on on continuation

Wining is not everything, Losing is not failing, Success is showing effort even if it results in loss.

Ideologies that successful youth coaches and teachers promote

Embarrasing player in front of peers, Overemphasizing winning.

Ideologies or actions that negative coaches display

Aversive socialization

Term for the negative experiences given to player by negative teachers or coaches