APHG TEST

locked in

Internal Migration → Movement within a country

International Migration → Movement across international borders

Step Migration → Migration in stages (e.g., village → town → city)

Chain Migration → Migration due to relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrating

Circular Migration → Temporary, repetitive movement (often for work)

Transnational Migration → Migration where people maintain connections across borders

Rural-to-Urban Migration → Movement from countryside to cities

Return Migration → Returning to original country/place after migrating

Guest Worker Migration → Temporary migration for labor, often from poorer to richer countries

Forced Migration → Movement due to conflict, disasters, or persecution

Ethnic Religion → Religion tied to a specific group/place (e.g., Judaism, Hinduism)

Universalizing Religion → Religion that seeks to convert others (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Buddhism)

Order of Language Groups → Family → Branch → Group → Language → Dialect → Accent

Self-determination → Right of a people to govern themselves

Antecedent Boundary → Set before people lived there (e.g., US-Canada)

Relic Boundary → No longer used but still visible (e.g., Berlin Wall)

Subsequent Boundary → Set after population settles (e.g., Europe ethnic lines)

Consequent Boundary → Type of subsequent that considers culture (e.g., India-Pakistan)

Superimposed Boundary → Forced on area (e.g., Africa colonial borders)

Geometric Boundary → Based on straight lines (e.g., US-Canada along 49° N)

Law of the Sea: Territorial Zone → Up to 12 nautical miles; full sovereignty

Law of the Sea: Contiguous Zone → 12-24 nautical miles; laws on customs, immigration

Law of the Sea: Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) → 200 nautical miles; rights to resources

Market Gardening → Small-scale intensive farming near markets (intensive)

Shifting Cultivation → Slash-and-burn, move fields (extensive)

Metes and Bounds → Land description using landmarks (common in Eastern US)

Long Lots → Narrow plots stretching from rivers/roads (French influence)

Township and Range → Grid system dividing land (used in Western US)

Von Thünen Model → Model of land use around cities based on cost/distance

Gravity Model → Predicts interaction based on population size and distance

Christaller's Central Place Theory → Explains size/location of cities based on services

Burgess Concentric Zone Model → City grows outward in rings

Hoyt Sector Model → City grows in sectors around transport routes

Multiple Nuclei Model → City with multiple centers (nodes)

Galactic/Peripheral Model → Suburbs with decentralized services (edge cities)

Latin American City Model → Spine of development from CBD outward

Sub-Saharan African City Model → 3 CBDs (colonial, traditional, market zone)

Southeast Asian City Model → Centered around port, no clear CBD

Megacity → 10+ million population

Metacity → 20+ million population

Boomburbs → Fast-growing suburban cities

Exurb → Far-out suburbs, often commuter towns

Edge City → Suburban area with business, retail, and entertainment

Primate City Rule → 1st city = more than double the 2nd (e.g., Paris)

Rank Size Rule → 2nd largest = ½ of 1st, 3rd = ⅓, etc.

New Urbanism → Urban design to reduce sprawl and increase walkability

Greenbelts → Zones of open land around cities to limit sprawl

Urban Growth Boundary → Legal border to limit outward growth of cities

Redlining → Denying loans in minority areas (discriminatory)

Blockbusting → Scaring white families to sell cheap due to minorities moving in

Gentrification → Wealthier people move into poor areas, raising costs

Primary Sector → Raw materials (farming, mining)

Secondary Sector → Manufacturing

Tertiary Sector → Services

Quaternary Sector → Information & research

Quinary Sector → High-level decisions (CEOs, gov leaders)

SEZ (Special Economic Zone) → Area with different trade laws to attract business

EPZ (Export Processing Zone) → Area for manufacturing goods for export

FTZ (Free Trade Zone) → No tariffs/taxes on goods

Neoliberal Policies → Free-market based policies (e.g., NAFTA, USMCA)

GDP → Total value of goods/services in a country

GNP → GDP + income from abroad

GNI per capita (GNIPC) → GNI ÷ population

GII (Gender Inequality Index) → Measures gender inequality

HDI (Human Development Index) → Measures development: income, education, life expectancy

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth → 1. Traditional Society → 2. Preconditions → 3. Takeoff → 4. Drive to Maturity → 5. Mass Consumption

Migration Transition Model → Links migration patterns to DTM stages

Guest Workers → Migrants allowed to work temporarily in another country