Panic of 1819

Panic of 1819

First major economic crisis in the U.S., resulting from land speculation and banking issues.

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court case establishing federal control over interstate commerce.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh President of the U.S.; known for populism and the Indian Removal Act.

Paternalism

Justification for slavery, portraying slaveholders as benevolent guardians of enslaved people.

War Hawks

Congress members advocating for war against Britain in the lead-up to the War of 1812.

Samuel F. Morse

Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code, revolutionizing communication.

Eli Whitney

Inventor known for the cotton gin and promoting interchangeable parts.

Cyrus Hall McCormick

Inventor of the mechanical reaper, advancing agricultural productivity.

Lowell System

Factory system that employed young women in textile mills in the early 19th century.

Market Revolution

Transformation of the economy in the early 19th century through industrialization.

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement in the 18th-19th centuries.

Cult of Domesticity

19th-century belief emphasizing women's role in the home and family.

Irish Potato Famine

1840s crisis in Ireland causing mass emigration to the U.S. due to food shortages.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born citizens over foreign-born individuals.

Know-Nothing Party

1850s political party opposing immigration and Catholic influence in America.

German Immigration

Large-scale migration of Germans to the U.S. in the 19th century, often for economic reasons.

Irish Immigration

Significant migration of Irish people to the U.S. due to the Potato Famine and economic hardship.

John C. Calhoun

Politician and advocate for states' rights, known for his role in the Nullification Crisis.

Henry Clay

Prominent politician known for the American System and compromise legislation.

Daniel Webster

Statesman and orator who supported the Union and opposed nullification.

Tariff of 1816

Protective tariff designed to support American industry after the War of 1812.

American System

Economic plan proposed by Henry Clay promoting industrial growth and infrastructure.

James Monroe

Fifth President of the U.S., known for the Monroe Doctrine and the 'Era of Good Feelings.'

Era of Good Feelings

Period of national unity and political harmony during Monroe's presidency.

Oregon Country

Region claimed by both the U.S. and Britain, leading to westward expansion debates.

Missouri Compromise 1820

Agreement allowing Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas and asserting U.S. influence.

Corrupt Bargain

Controversial deal during the 1824 election allegedly between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth President of the U.S.; son of John Adams, known for his post-presidency advocacy.

Spoils System

Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

Nullification Crisis

Conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over tariff laws.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Native Americans, resulting in significant suffering and death.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law authorizing the removal of Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi.

Martin Van Buren

Eighth President of the U.S.; faced the Panic of 1837 during his presidency.

Tariff of 1832

Revision of tariffs that angered southern states, leading to further nullification tensions.

Anti-Masonic Party

First third party in the U.S., opposing the secretive Masonic order.

Specie Circular

1836 order requiring land purchases to be paid in gold or silver, contributing to the Panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837

Financial crisis leading to economic depression and high unemployment.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Abolitionist novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that depicted the realities of slavery.

Peculiar Institution

Euphemism for slavery in the South, highlighting its unique and contentious nature.

Yeomen Farmers

Independent farmers in the South who owned small plots of land and no slaves.

Mulattoes

Individuals of mixed African and European ancestry, often facing social discrimination.

Spirituals

Religious songs originating in the African American community, often reflecting hope and resistance.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1831 slave uprising in Virginia that resulted in harsh repercussions for enslaved people.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement emphasizing individual intuition and nature as a source of truth.

Shakers

Religious sect known for communal living and celibacy, promoting equality and simplicity.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in the early 19th century promoting personal salvation.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Religious group founded by Joseph Smith, also known as Mormons.

American Temperance Society

Movement advocating for the reduction or elimination of alcohol consumption.

Horace Mann

Education reformer who promoted public education and standardized schooling.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Philosopher and essayist, key figure in the Transcendentalist movement.

Henry David Thoreau

Writer and naturalist known for his work 'Walden' and advocacy of civil disobedience.

Emily Dickinson

Renowned poet known for her unique style and themes of death and immortality.

Edgar Allan Poe

Writer known for his macabre tales and poems, contributing to American literature.

Dorthea Lynde Dix

Social reformer who advocated for the mentally ill and improved conditions in asylums.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leading figure in the women's rights movement and co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.

Abolition

Movement to end slavery in the United States.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist newspaper editor known for 'The Liberator' and radical anti-slavery views.

Frederick Douglass

Former enslaved person and prominent abolitionist who advocated for equal rights.

Underground Railroad

Network of secret routes and safe houses aiding enslaved people escaping to freedom.

Harriet Tubman

Abolitionist and former enslaved person who led many to freedom via the Underground Railroad.

Sojourner Truth

Former enslaved woman and abolitionist known for her speeches on women's rights and slavery.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting advocating for women's rights movement in the U.S., where the Declaration of Sentiments was presented.

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Influential Supreme Court Chief Justice who strengthened the judiciary.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to assess whether a law is in compliance with the Constitution.

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who attacked U.S. ships, leading to conflicts in the early 1800s.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition of territory from France, doubling the size of the U.S.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

1804-1806 expedition to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory.

Aaron Burr

Vice President under Jefferson; known for his duel with Alexander Hamilton.

Impressment

The British practice of forcing American sailors into the Royal Navy.

Embargo Act of 1807

Law that prohibited American ships from trading in foreign ports.

James Madison

Fourth President of the U.S.; known as the 'Father of the Constitution.'

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain, driven by trade restrictions and impressment.

Tecumseh

Native American leader who sought to unite tribes against American expansion.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 battle between American forces and Native Americans, increasing tensions.

Francis Scott Key

Author of 'The Star-Spangled Banner,' written during the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war boundaries.

Hartford Convention

1814 meeting of Federalists opposing the War of 1812, leading to the party's decline.

Battle of New Orleans

Final battle of the War of 1812, occurring after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 law aimed at resuming trade with Britain and France, leading to conflict.

Erie Canal

Waterway completed in 1825 that connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.