topic 2

examples of tissues and uses in body

muscular tissue - contacts to move whatever it is attached too

glandular tissue - makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

epithelial tissue - covers some parts of the part of the body eg inside the gut

organ example human body and tissue that make it

stomach is made of muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue

organ systems in human body

group of organs working to perform certain function

example digestive system

glands produce digestive juices

stomach and small intestine digest food

liver produces bile

small intestine absorbs soluble food

large intestine absorbs water and undigested food

biological catalysts

substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

• they r large proteins made up of chains of amino acids

what do enzymes need to work

optimum temperature so enzymes dont denature n they work best

optimum PH usually 7

how to calculate rate

rate = 1000/time

what molecules do enzymes break down and why

big molecules like starch, protiens and fat bc they r too big to pass through walls of digestive system so they get broken down into smaller ones like sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids

carbohydrates reaction and where is it made

starch broken down my amylase into simple sugars

1. salivary glands

2. pancreas

3. small intestine

protiens reaction

protease convert protiens into amino acids

1. stomach

2. pancreas

3. small intestine

lipids reaction

lipase converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

1. pancreas

2. small intestine

bile role and storage

neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats into tiny droplets makes SA bigger for lipase to work on so faster digetion

produced in liver n stored in gall bladder released into small intestine

stomach role

pummels food w its muscular walls

produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give right ph for protease enzyme to work (2ph)

what is the thorax

top part of ur body

route of air as u breath in

in through mouth/nose, down trachea, splits down 2 bronchi to each lung, brochi splits into brochioles and into alveoli where gas exchange takes place

gas exchange in the alveoli and route of blood

oxygen move from lungs into blood bc blood = low conc and lungs = high conc

co2 move into alveoli bc alveoli = low conc and blood = high conc

when the blood reaches body cells the oxygen is released and diffuses into body cells

and the co2 diffuses out of body cells into blood cells n carried back to lungs

what happens in the first circuit of the blood - to the heart

the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen, it then returns to the heart

what happens in the first circuit of the blood - to the body

the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the body, and gives its oxygen to body cells and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped again

what do valves do

prevent blood flowing backwards

what n where r pacemaker cells

right atrium

controls heart rate - produces small electrical impulse which spreads to surrounding muscle cells

arteries characteristics

away from heart

strong n elastic

thick lumen walls

thick muscle to allow them to stretch n spring back

capillaries characteristics

tiny

carry blood v close to exchange surfaces

permeable walls so substances can diffuse out

1 cell thick reduces diffusion distance

veins characteristics

capillaries join up to make them

not as thick walls bc blood not travelling with strong pressure

has valves to keep flow in correct direction

bigger lumen to help blood flow

red blood cells characteristics

biconcave shape so large SA for absorbing oxygen

no nucleus

haemoglobin binds to oxygen

how do white blood cells defend

can change shape to engulf unwanted microorganisms - phagocytosis

or produce antibodies n antitoxins

what do platelets do

clot the blood

small fragments of cells stops microorganisms getting in and u losing lots of blood

what is the plasma

carries everything

nutrients like glucose and amino acids

co2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies/antitoxins

route of blood

Vena cava → Right heart → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart → Aorta → Body

why are veins stretched easier

bc it has thinner wall n less muscle in its walls

what is coronary heat disease

when coronary arteries build up with fatty deposits and get blocked

causes arteries to become narrow and blood flow is restricted so lack of oxygen to heart - results in heart attack

what do stents do

tubes inserted in arteries, so blood can freely flow and keeps persons heart beating

lower the risk of heart attack

effective for a long time and the recovery is quick

risk of infection and developing a blood clot near the stent

what do statins do

reduce cholesterol in the blood

causes fatty deposits inside arteries n leads to coronary heart disease

statins reduce amount of bad cholesterol and slows rate of deposits forming

advantages and disadvantages of statins

reduces risk of heart attack

studies show statins may help reduce other diseases

long term drug and must be taken regularly

causes negative side effects - headache, kidney failure, liver damage, memory loss

effects are not instant

what are artificial hearts for and their complications

temporary hearts while waiting for a donor heart, body usually will not reject as it is not seen as foreign tissue

blood does not flow as well so can cause clots causing strokes, motor could fails, parts of it could wear out, must take blood thinning drugs alongside

what is artificial blood

can keep u alive in an emergency

a blood substitute - salt solution

allows ppl to make more red blood cells

explain why a leaky valve could could cause a health problem

could means that blood flows in both directions so blood would not circulate effectively as normal

what is health

the state of physical and mental wellbeing

what can HPV cause

cervical cancer in women

what can physical health problems cause

issues such a depression can be triggered when someone is suffering from severe physical health problems

ability to carry out day to day activities and someones life expectancy

other factors which can affect ur health

good, balanced diet

stress

life situation

risk factors that directly cause disease

smoking directly causes cardiovascular disease, lung disease and cancer

obesity - type 2 diabetes

drinking excessively - liver disease

radiation exposure - cancer

cancer

uncontrolled cell growth and division

benign tumour

tumour grows until there is no more room

stays in one place - within a membrane

malignant tumour

where the tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues

cells can break off and travel in the blood to form secondary tumours

example of a national financial cost associated w non-communicable diseases

money needed for research/treatment

epidermal tissue plant

covers whole plant

phloem tissues

made of columns of elongated living cells

transports food substances - dissolved sugars made in leaves for use or storage

transport in both directions

translocation

xylem tubes

made of dead cells, strengthened w lignin

carry water n mineral ions from roots to leaves

transpiration stream

transpiration

loss of water from the plant

caused by evaporation and diffusion

what is the transpiration rate affected by

light intentity

temperature

air flow (conc gradient)

humidity (conc gradient)

what can u use to estimate the transpiration rate

potometer

measures the uptake of water, directly related to water loss by leaves

when plants have lots of water what happens to stomata/guard cells

guard cells r plump and turgid and open so gases can be exchanged

when plants have little water what happens to stomata/guard cells

guard cells r flaccid and stomata close so water vapour cannot escape

what happens to guard cells at night

guard cells r flaccid n closed

do not need to be open bc photosynthesis cannot happen in dark

prevents excess water loss

benedict test

• Benedict’s (reagent) tests for sugar / glucose

• heat (to at least 60 °C) / boil cake with Benedict’s (reagent)

• Benedict’s (reagent) changes from blue

• to green / yellow / orange / brown / (brick) red (to show sugar / glucose is present when added to cake)

Describe how the mAbs and a fluorescent dye could be used to see any Candida albicans pathogens on the slide.

 bind fluorescent dye to mAbs

1

put (bound) fluorescent mAbs on the slide (and rinse off)

ignore add mAbs and dye to slide (unbound)

1

mAbs will bind to Candida albicans / pathogens and show up under the microscope