Health and Human Sexuality Review 1

Hedonism

View that pleasure is the highest good and the proper aim of human life, maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

Absolutism

Belief that there are fixed, universal moral rules or truths that apply to all people at all times, regardless of culture, situation, personal belief.

Relativism

Belief that moral judgments and values are not universal, but instead depend on cultural, social, or personal perspectives.

Ying and Yang

Sexual activity seen as the union of yin (female) and yang (male), necessary for harmony, health, and cosmic balance.

Bundling

Puritan tradition, courting custom in which a couple would sleep in the same bed fully clothed to build a relationship.

Victorian Era

Period when women were considered asexual and sexual excesses were seen as the source of venereal disease.

Alfred Kinsey

Conducted the 1st major sex survey and established the Kinsey Institute, did NOT use random sampling.

The Kinsey Report

Two published reports: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953).

Social Scripts

Mental guides or scripts that people follow in interactions to know how to behave, what to say, and what to expect from others.

Operant Learning

Type of learning where behavior is shaped by its consequences; people learn to repeat behaviors that bring rewards and avoid those that bring punishment.

Masters & Johnson

Published 'The Human Sexual Response' (1966) and directly observed over 10,000 sexual response cycles in the lab.

Romanticizers

Individuals with unrealistic expectations about relationships, often believing in a fairy tale fallacy.

- soulmate vs work it out mindset

- meet cues

- the hard work is not over once you find prince charming

Maximizers

Individuals who obsess over making the right decision and search for the perfect partner.

- secretary problem- 37 percent candidare benchmark

- dont let 'perfect' be the enemy of the great

Hesitater

Individuals with unrealistic expectations of themselves, feeling they aren't ready to date or have a serious relationship.

- instead of fighting the butterflies, redirect them

- you may be 'hesitating' to move on because you are hun gup on someone in your past- cut the strings

you are never going to be 100% ready for any major life change

Pigeon Experiment

BF Skinner's scenarios showing how different reward schedules affect learning and behavior.

- continuous reward made the pigeon stop coming once rewards stopped

- partial reward- pigeon is rewarded only sometimes, behavior is learned more slowly but much more resistant to extinction

Self-selection

Bias where those who want to participate may not be typical.

Non-response

Bias where people don't want to talk about sex.

Self-report

Bias related to recall issues in reporting personal experiences.

Relationshopping

Concept comparing searchable goods (like cameras) to experience goods (like wine) that cannot be judged secondhand.

- give support responses

Online Dating

The phenomenon where dating apps can filter out great potential partners based on measurable stats.

- you cant research your way into the perfect mate (relationships involve risk)

analysis paralysis and paradox of choice: we falsely assume more choices will make us happier

Transition/ transformation zone

- During a pap smear, cells are taken from the "transition zone' also known as the transformation zone

- Area of the cervix where long, column shaped columnar cells meet slat- shaped squamous cells

- Younger women have bigger transition zones

- This zone is a prime site for STIs and cancer

- Some evidence suggests hormonal contraceptive usage can expand the transition zone

Circumcision

- 58% take place a year

- Decreases urinary tract infections, adult penile cancer, and genital wart infections

Why Circumcise on the 8th day

- Jewish tradition

- Vitamin K is responsible for the production of prothrombin (vitamin K and prothrombin help blood to coagulate/ clot)

- Dr. H discovered that Vitamin K is not produced in sufficient quantities until days 5-7 of life

- On the 8th day, the amount of prothrombin is elevated 100%above normal and is the only day in the male's life in which this will be the case

Common Genital cancers

- Testicular cancer: MOST common cancer in the young men (20-35)

- Smoking, white race, undescended testicle, and marijuana use raise the risk for testicular cancer

- Penile cancer: rare, but if diagnosed in late stage can be very lethal

- Men should perform a TSE monthly

Stages of the Menstrual Cycle

- Follicular phase- of variable length

- Ovulatory phase

- Luteal phase- time from ovulation to the start of menses

- Ovulation occurs approximately 14 days before the start of your period (or 15 days after start of the cycle)

The 'G' Spot

Prostate gland in males.

Menarche

First menstrual cycle, typically occurring between ages 11-15, with an average age of 12.4 years.

Cryptorchidism

Condition of undescended testes, associated with an increased risk of testicular cancer.

- Internal tested get too hot for normal sperm production

- Associated with an increased risk of testicular cancer

- Affects approximately 8% of male infants

Men's Prostate Gland

- Size of a walnut

- Referred to as the "male g spot"

- Responsible for about 30% of seminal fluid (very alkaline environment)

- Enlarged prostate impacts 50% of men over 60 and 90% of men over 85

- Prostate cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among American men

Semen

- 100-500 million sperm each ejaculate (300-400 million is the average)

- Approximately 1tsp of fluid on average

- Very alkaline (hospitable place for sperm)

- Can transit various STDs such as HIV and HPV

- Scrotum is 2-3 degrees lower than the rest of the body

Testicular Cancer

Most common cancer in young men aged 20-35, with increased risk factors including smoking and undescended testicles.

Penile Cancer

Rare cancer that can be very lethal if diagnosed in late stages.

- men should perform TSE montly

Kegels

Exercises that strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.

Functions of the Ovaries

Reproduce and menstruate.

Functions of the Testes

Produce sperm and produce sex hormones.

Sex

Biologically female or male.

Gender

Psychological, social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or female (or another gender).

Transgender

People whose gender identity differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth (sometimes referred to as trans).

Intersex

People who possess biological attributes of BOTH sexes.

Prenatal sex selection/ family balancing

Selecting sex prior to fertilization via sperm separating.

Gender dysmorphia

- Distress about the incongruence between one's gender identity and the sex one was assigned at birth

- May seek Sex Reassignment/ Gender confirmation surgery

- Can include: lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, heterosexuals

Sex Reassignment/Gender confirmation surgery

May be sought by individuals experiencing gender dysmorphia.

Gender role

The attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that society associates with each sex.

- influenced by culture, age, ethnicity and other factors

Gender Identity

Internalized feeling of femaleness or maleness; personal, subjective sense of gender.

Gender Expression

The way individuals outwardly express gender and identity.

Prevalence of Endometriosis

10% of reproductive age women; at least 5.5 million women in North America; 90 million women worldwide; most common in women in their 30s and 40s.

Endometriosis

A disease in which the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus grows in a site(s) other than the uterus.

Symptoms of Endometriosis

Extremely painful menstrual cramps, chronic pelvic pain, pain during or after sex, intestinal pain, painful bowel movements, painful urination during menstrual periods, heavy menstrual periods, premenstrual spotting or bleeding between periods, infertility.

Risk Factors for Endometriosis

- Menarche before age 12

- Family history in first degree relative

- Menstrual cycles shorter than 28 days

- Menstrual flow greater than 7 days

- Fewer than 2 full term pregnancies

- Nicknamed the "career Womans disease"

- Congenital abnormality

Word Origin of 'Endometriosis'

Endo: inside; Metrium: mother.

IVF

In vitro fertilization, used for genetic disorders, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), unexplained infertility, fertility preservation for cancer or other health conditions, abnormal sperm or sperm count, uterine fibroids, and premature ovarian failure.

IVF vs IUI

IVF is the most effective form of assistive reproductive technology; success rate is 20-35% per cycle, but more expensice (12k per cycle)

IUI

Injecting 'washed' semen directly into the uterus through the cervix; approximately $300 per cycle.

- helpful in cases of low sperm motility

IVF Procedure Steps

1) Woman given ovulation induction drugs to stimulate the ovaries

2) When eggs are mature (approximately 14 days later), the ages are 'retrieved' (usually 9-20 eggs)

3) Sperm are then united with the eggs and are allowed to grow approximately 2-3 days

4) Then, the best looking eggs are implanted in the woman's uterus

*the remainder of the eggs are frozen for future implantation