bio 110 exam 4 preclass quizzes

What are the functions of a cell wall? (Select three answers.)

a. prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment

b. maintains the shape of a cell

c. helps the cell to move in a hypertonic environment

d. causes cells to stick to one another

e. protects the cell

a. prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment

b. maintains the shape of a cell

e. protects the cell

What are the walls of bacterial cells made of?

a. cellulose, which is a polysaccharide

b. phospholipids, which form a bilayer

c. peptidoglycan, which contains sugars and polypeptides

d. chitin, which is a polysaccharide

c. peptidoglycan, which contains sugars and polypeptides

has a thick cell wall (more peptidoglycan), gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria

has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane, gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-negative bacteria

retains crystal violet stain, gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria

crystal violet is rinsed away and cell is stained with safranin red, gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-negative bacteria

a sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that allows prokaryotes to stick to a surface or each other and that protects the cell from dehydration and from a host immune system.

capsule

thin appendages that allow a cell to stick to each other or to a substrate.

fimbriae

includes a motor, hook, and filament; helps propel a prokaryotic cell.

flagellum

a resistant cell that houses a prokaryote's chromosome in hostile environments and remains dormant until conditions improve.

endospore

bacteria take up foreign DNA from their surroundings, which genetic recombination?

transformation

a bacterial virus carries genes from one host cell to another, which genetic recombination?

transduction

two bacteria are joined by a pilus through which DNA is transferred, which genetic recombination?

conjugation

Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere because they are [ Select ] ["decomposers", "immobilizers"] , breaking down dead organisms to recycle chemicals. Some are [ Select ] ["autotrophs", "chemotrophs"] , performing photosynthesis to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Finally, they fix atmospheric nitrogen, converting it into forms that other organisms can use for making [ Select ] ["nucleic acids and proteins", "carbohydrates and water"] .

Answer 1: decomposers

Answer 2: autotrophs

Answer 3: nucleic acids and proteins

an ecological interaction between two species that both benefit from the relationship, which symbiotic relationship?

mutualism

a relationship between two organisms in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped significantly, which symbiotic relationship?

commensalism

a relationship in which one organism harms, but does not immediately kill, its host, which symbiotic relationship?

parasitism

The relationship between the Vibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian bobtail squid that Bonnie Bassler described in her TED talk could be considered [ Select ] ["protectionism", "pathogenicity", "mutualism", "commensalism"] because [ Select ] ["the bacteria are transported by the squid but do not affect it", "the bacteria receive food and help disguise the squid's shadow", "the bacteria secrete a protective mucus around the squid", "the bacteria inject the squid with a chemical poison"] .

Answer 1: mutualism

Answer 2: the bacteria receive food and help disguise the squid's shadow

Bacteria send chemical messengers to one another to determine how many other bacteria are nearby. What is the name of this phenomenon?

a. quorum sensing

b. chemical fixation

c. conjugation

d. sporulation

a. quorum sensing

When bacteria move toward nutrients or away from toxins, they control the rotation of the flagellum. What is the name of this process?

a. phage injection

b. peptidoglycan

c. pilus formation

d. chemotaxis

d. chemotaxis

What is endosymbiosis?

a. an app that allows you to track brain activity throughout the day

b. a fungal structure that infiltrates plant roots

c. a musical composition inspired by biological diversity

d. a kind of protist that is closely related to fungi

e. a relationship in which one organism lives inside another

e. a relationship in which one organism lives inside another

Fungi are heterotrophs.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Fungal cells have walls made of cellulose.

a. True

b. False

b. False

What are hyphae?

a. a punctuation mark

b. the photosynthetic apparatus found in fungi

c. a network of filaments that allow a fungus to absorb nutrients from its environment

d. the reproductive organ of a fungus

e. organelles that store nitrogen for the cell

c. a network of filaments that allow a fungus to absorb nutrients from its environment

Which of the following correctly describes mycorrhizae?

a. are the reproductive bodies of fungi

b. are the photosynthetic bodies of fungi

c. are a kind of lichen

d. involve a plant and a fungus

d. involve a plant and a fungus

Which of the following organelles are thought to have derived from an endosymbiotic event? (Choose two.)

a. mitochondrion

b. lysosome

c. ribosome

d. chloroplast

e. microtubule

a. mitochondrion

d. chloroplast

What is a mixotroph?

a. an organism that combines the nutritional modes of autotrophs and heterotrophs

b. an organism that mixes sexual and asexual modes of reproduction

c. an organism that is able to move either by pseudopods or by cilia and flagella

d. an organism that lives in at least two distinct environments

a. an organism that combines the nutritional modes of autotrophs and heterotrophs

In an evolutionary sense, animals and fungi are more closely related to one another than some protists, like red algae and slime molds, are to one another.

a. True

b. False

a. True

The relationship between the fungi that are responsible for corn smut and Chestnut blight and the plants they live in symbiosis with could be considered a type of _____________.

a. commensalism

b. parasitism

c. mutualism

d. abominablism

b. parasitism

Biologists believe animals, plants, fungi, and protists evolved from prokaryotes in independent speciation events.

a. True

b. False

b. False

produces spores by meiosis, sporophyte or gametophyte?

sporophyte

develops from a spore, sporophyte or gametophyte?

gametophyte

haploid, sporophyte or gametophyte?

gametophyte

produces sperm and/or eggs, sporophyte or gametophyte?

gametophyte

develops from a zygote, sporophyte or gametophyte?

sporophyte

diploid, sporophyte or gametophyte?

sporophyte

pores on the surface of a plant that may close to minimize water loss

stomata

a waxy covering of plants that prevents them from drying out

cuticle

growing region of a plant found at the tips of roots and shoots

apical meristem

a polymer that provides protection from harsh environments

sporopollenin

A moss is a . . .

a. seedless vascular plant

b. phragmoplast

c. bryophyte

d. charophyte

c. bryophyte

A fern is a . . .

a. cuticle

b. bryophyte

c. seedless vascular plant

d. charophyte

c. seedless vascular plant

Which is a difference between ferns and mosses?

a. ferns photosynthesize; mosses don't

b. ferns have roots, while mosses have rhizoids

c. ferns have flagellated sperm; mosses don't

d. ferns are generally shorter than mosses

b. ferns have roots, while mosses have rhizoids

What group of protists is most closely related to land plants?

a. Euglena

b. charophytes

c. chloroplasts

d. bacteria

e. embryophytes

b. charophytes

Plants are thought have been derived, most recently, from [ Select ] ["prokaryotes", "fungi", "algae", "cyanobacteria"] . The colonization of land brought benefits such as increased access to [ Select ] ["sunlight and carbon dioxide", "heterotrophs and decomposers", "oxygen", "water"] , but also brought challenges like a scarcity of [ Select ] ["carbon dioxide", "rocks", "water", "oxygen"] and the need for structural support.

Answer 1: algae

Answer 2: sunlight and carbon dioxide

Answer 3: water

In the life cycle of land plants, the diploid embryo that results from fertilization of gametes is dependent on the _________ for nutrition and protection.

a. female gametophyte

b. male gametophyte

c. male sporophyte

d. female sporophyte

a. female gametophyte

What is the evolutionary advantage of seeds?

a. A seed provides protection and nutrition to the plant embryo.

b. A seed is produced within the microspores of a plant to cause fertilization.

c. A seed is a source of water for land plants.

d. A seed carries the genetic information from one parent plant to another.

a. A seed provides protection and nutrition to the plant embryo.

A pine tree is a conifer and an example of a(n) [ Select ] ["angiosperm", "gymnosperm"] . In the life cycle of a pine, the dominant stage is the [ Select ] ["gametophyte", "sporophyte"] . In the plant, the [ Select ] ["fruit", "ovulate"] cone produces eggs, and the pollen cones produce pollen, which are carried on wind to another plant. The sperm from the pollen [ Select ] ["fertilizes", "invades"] the egg to produce a zygote, and the remainder of the ovule tissue eventually becomes a [ Select ] ["flower", "seed"] that protects the embryo and nourishes it before germination.

Answer 1: gymnosperm

Answer 2: sporophyte

Answer 3: ovulate

Answer 4: fertilizes

Answer 5: seed

Gymnosperms and angiosperms both produce seeds, but angiosperms produce flowers and fruit. What evolutionary advantages do flowers and fruit provide?

a. Flowers help disperse pollen, and fruits help disperse seeds.

b. Flowers and fruit provide nutrition for the plant.

c. Flowers contain seeds, and fruits contain plants.

d. Flowers and fruits help plants become attracted to one another.

a. Flowers help disperse pollen, and fruits help disperse seeds.

produces egg, develops into seed, which part of the flower?

ovule

produces pollen, which part of the flower?

anther

develops into fruit, which part of the flower?

ovary

attracts pollinators through bright colors, which part of the flower?

petal

at tip of carpel, receives pollen, which part of the flower?

stigma

In seedless plants, fertilization occurs when ___________. In seed plants, the sperm are packaged in ____________, which deliver the sperm to the ovule.

Answer 1: sperm swim to the egg

Answer 2: pollen

In angiosperms, pollination often occurs through the action of _________. In gymnosperms, it tends to be aided by ________.

Answer 1: insects

Answer 2: wind

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, the formation of a ____________ occurs after pollination and before fertilization.

a. seed

b. anther

c. pollen tube

d. style

e. embryo

c. pollen tube

Angiosperms and gymnosperms have vascular tissue.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Conifers and flowering plants produce seeds; ferns do not.

a. True

b. False

a. True

a fertilized egg

zygote

a stage in which the layers of embryonic tissue are produced

gastrula

an opening that leads to a cavity in the gastrula

blastopore

A daisy flower has __________ symmetry. A grasshopper has ___________ symmetry.

Answer 1: radial

Answer 2: bilateral

lining of digestive tract, which primary germ layer?

endoderm

body covering, which primary germ layer?

ectoderm

muscle and many organs, which primary germ layer?

mesoderm

Which of the following describes a coelom?

a. is the same as the digestive tract

b. a type of appendage found in most worms

c. is found in flatworms and cnidarians

d. is a body cavity that holds an organism's internal organs

d. is a body cavity that holds an organism's internal organs

cleavage in the early embryo is determinate, so the fate of each cell is "cast" very early, protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

the mouth forms from the blastopore, protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

the mouth forms from a secondary opening rather than the blastopore, protostomes or deuterostomes?

deuterostomes

includes arthropods and annelids, protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

Which of the following is a key characteristic of most animals?

a. lifecycle involves asexual reproduction

b. can enter autotrophic mode for energy production

c. cells organized into tissues including muscle and nerves

d. uses alternation of generations to produce offspring

c. cells organized into tissues including muscle and nerves

Among the following, which phylum contains the simplest animals?

a. Porifera

b. Echinodermata

c. Cnidaria

d. Platyhelminthes

a. Porifera

Which of the following are characteristics of the Cnidarian body plan? (Select two.)

a. radial symmetry

b. coelomate

c. protostome

d. diploblasts

e. pseudocoloemate

a. radial symmetry

d. diploblasts

Which of the following phyla are deuterostomate (members are deuterostomes)?

a. Platyhelminthes

b. Chordata

c. Arthropoda

d. Nematoda

e. Echinodermata

b. Chordata

e. Echinodermata

What distinguishes a pseudocoelom from a true coelom?

a. The true coelom is lined on both sides by mesoderm; the pseudocoelom is not.

b. The true coelom is found in all animals except humans; the pseudocoelom is only found in humans.

c. The true coelom is used as a digestive tract; the pseudocoelom is not.

d. The true coelom is found in animals; the pseudocoelom is found in plants.

a. The true coelom is lined on both sides by mesoderm; the pseudocoelom is not.

earthworm, which phylum?

annelid

planarian, which phylum?

platyhelminthes

roundworm, which phylum?

nematode

sponge, which phylum?

porifera

jelly (jellyfish), which phylum?

cnidaria

segmented worm that is coelomate, what phylum?

Annelida

pseudocoloemate worm that plays a key role as decomposer, what phylum?

Nematoda

contains a gastrovascular cavity and stinging cells, what phylum?

Cnidaria

name means "flat worm", what phylum?

Platyhelminthes

simplest of the animals, no symmetry, what phylum?

Porifera

tapeworm, what phylum?

Platyhelminthes

hookworm, what phylum?

Nematoda

leech, what phylum?

Annelida

Sponges are animals that do not contain ________. They are ________, obtaining plankton from the water as it passes through their body. The current of water results from the action of flagella on _________.

Answer 1: tissues

Answer 2: filter feeders

Answer 3: choanocytes

Cnidarians may take either of two forms, [ Select ] ["land or sea", "protostome or deuterostome", "medusa or polyp"] . (Some cnidarians adopt both forms at different stages in their lives.) They are _________, meaning they have two primary germ layers that give rise to an outer covering and the lining of a digestive cavity. They have [ Select ] ["radial", "no", "bilateral"] symmetry, and their sensory organs are distributed around their body and coordinated by a [ Select ] ["cnidocyte", "nerve net", "gastrodermis"] . They have [ Select ] ["a spongocoel", "ganglia", "tentacles"] with cells containing organelles called [ Select ] ["amoebocytes", "nematocysts", "metanephridia"] that can inject poison into prey.

Answer 1: medusa or polyp

Answer 2: diploblasts

Answer 3: radial

Answer 4: nerve net

Answer 5: tentacles

Answer 6: nematocysts

Of the three phyla of worms, which is the most complex, with blood vessels, organs for filtering waste, and a full digestive tract?

a. Cnidaria

b. Annelida

c. Porifera

d. Platyhelminthes

e. Nematoda

b. Annelida

uses tube feet for locomotion and feeding, which phylum?

Echinodermata

body includes a visceral mass, a foot for locomotion, and a mantle that may secrete a shell, which phylum?

Mollusca

segmented, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages, which phylum?

Arthropoda

radially symmetric, but has bilaterally symmetric larvae, which phylum?

Echinodermata

includes species that live in the ocean, freshwater, or on land, which group of mollusc?

gastropods

suspension feeders, which group of mollusc?

bivalves

have well-developed sense organs and a complex brain, which group of mollusc?

cephalopods

foot has been modified into a siphon, which group of mollusc?

cephalopods