civi US S6

revolution of USSR

1917 ending Tsarism

Red terror in USSR

1919, during civil war, terror from the Cheka (secret police)

Creation of USSR

1922 under Lenin

1st red scare

In US in 20s

Yalta conference

Feb 1945: big 3 (US FDR, UK, USSR Stalin) : 5 D; demilitarisation, denazification, democratisation,decentralisation, deinstrualisation which led to Declaration of Liberated Europe (betrayed later by USSR for Japan and Poland)

Franklin D Roosevelt

1933-45

Postdam Conference

July 1945: big 3 (US: Truman, UK, USSR)

→ administration of defeated germany, Poland’s boundaries, Austria occupation and Japan’s war

Also marked by Truman revealing the Manhattan project bc suspicion agst USSR

United Nations

Created in April 1945, replacing the Leagues of nations (to prevent other conflict)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing

Aug. 6/9 1945 decided by Truman

Power Vacuum

Coup in Czechoslovakia

1948: satellite coutries

Policy of containment

George Kennan in the souces of Soviet Conduct 1947

Berlin blockade by Soviets

→ led to airlift 19th June 1948 until May 1949.

NATO

Military alliance 1949: so US could protect those without nuclear weapons

Warsaw Pact

Soviets military alliance like NATO bc they are pussies. 1956

Policy of massive retaliation

To have the right to answer excessively to any attack or deter any attack

Vietnam war

(1954-1975)

Korean war

Forgotten war : 1950-1953

Nationalist : Syngan Rhee south

Communist: trained by soviets Kim II- Sung appointed by Stalin.

Trenches war, stalin agreed attack, truman used UN to send troops.

1953: Stalin dead so cease fire signed but no peace treaty.

harry S Truman

1945-53. The loser who dropped the bomb and lost china

Domino Theory

Eisenhower to justify US intervention and the use of CIA. (NB. truman mentioned the idea before but NOT the metaphor)

→ it one country falls under communism the rest will follow.

Coup in Iran by US

Agst Mohammed Mosaddeq to retore The Shah, in Aug 1953. Bc he wanted to nationalise the country oil industry.

Similar situation in guatemal, agri reform bu US industry so coup in 1954

Highway act

1946 well representing the blooming eco of US since 50s

2nd red scare

50s a bug influence is Senator J McCarthy : fearmonger as a politcal power

Stalin’s death + Khrushchev

March 1953 so Khrushchev 1953-64.

Eisenhower

(1953-61), New Look based on CIA deterrent alliance , eco vitality (bigger bang for smaller buck). Fear for attack sor (Several) defense production Act 1950(distribution of supplies to population.

Eisenhower’s doctrine

Worries abt hostility towards the west + growing Soviet’s influence in Egypt and Syria

Fear of power vacuum with Labour govt in UK

Decolonisation and courting battles

Us courting new independent countries: shows pressure from Soviets.

• Congo 1961: Seko supported by France Belgium took power vs. P.Lumunba asked help to Soviets but US + Belgium orga removal from govt.

• By 1960: 16 African nations gained independence.

Space race

Ussr 1st satellite: 1957

Us satellite: 1958 + NASA

US in May 1961 man in space + Apollo II project july 20th 1969 man on the moon.

Reca Act

1990m compensation program nuclear effect on soldiers (guinea pigs)

Bomber gap-missiles gap

Used by JFK gast Republican in 1960.

Used as a deterrence ? Like US spy plane or USSR tricking them to have more missiles than in reality.

Berlin Wall

Built in 1961 as loss of skilled workers for soviets but first wall was wire and watchtowers. Influenced by series of crisis esp. Cuba crisis.

The Cuba Crisis:

Revo n1: agst Spain gained independence thanks to US in 1898 + eco interest as military base

1950s: Cuban agst F.Batista → Guantanamo dictator // leader of Revo Fidel Castro.

2nd with Guevara. After Revo Castro → new regim. Late tension with the US as took private property so Castro ties with Soviets= agent to spread Marxist ideas.

JFK senator = ambargo in 1960 = exploited the missile gap as close to US borders. as a president in 1961 mission with CIA being loyal to Batista.

• bay of Pigs: counter rebellion agst Castro : failure as pop <3 socialist.

• Nuclear missile pointing at US so they put them in Turkey, Italy, UK.

• Secret soviet missile base: highest tentions Oct 16th 1962.

→ Khrushchev capitulated, US promised not to invade Cuba.

Ban of Nuclear testing

1963 after Cuba crisis, joined by redline btw the 2: led to Detente.

Non-profiliation treaty:

1968, agreement not to help other countries to dev nuclear weapons.

JFK Kennedy

1961-63

Critical of domino theory but followed it as president esp. during Vietnam War = increase number of advisers up to 15 000.

M.A.D doctrine

Security doctrine.

Had to be maintain to have a relative peace bc Stalemate (deadend) = would lead to total destruction→ assures no war but have to be convinced they have the nerve to use it.

Coup in Vietnam by US

JFK wanted NGO Dinh Diem to be + democratic but failure so coup with CIA in Nov. 1962.

JFK died 2 weeks after in Dallas Nov 22 1963.

L B Johnson

VP of JFK: 1963-69.

Known for Vietnam war and also for his Social reform (Great Society) legacy biggest social agenda since New Deal.

• won in 1964 agst a founder of conservatism Barry Goldwater

• It marked a switch btw republican and democrats.

Sent troops to Vietnam.

The Gulf of Tonkin

Johnson convinced congress for bombing operation, mistaken ? To be attacked in July 1964.

Learnt scandals years later but excuse to accelerate the war.

First TV war: after gulf incident Over 40% agst war as in addition less money for social issues defended by left.

Search and destroy mission

During Viet War: troops : hundreds of soldiers died every week by 1967.

tet offensive battles: Jan-March 1968: attack by north : US realized losing : changes in public opinion so led to mutiny and high suicided and not trust in Govt from pop: anti-war demonstrations, NYC April 27th 1968.

Nixon

1969-74.

Realised on Kissinger to find solution. As still want US to be reliable just removed slowly troops and only money aids and advisers remained in Viet.

Kissinger put pressure on China to put pressure on North Viet if they still want trade with US.

• believed in Detente part of reelection to reduce threats and cost of war. + developed the triangular diplomacy to make China and USSR compete with each other for trade with US.

• Watergate scandal 1972-74: resigned : VP Ford = 1974-1977.

Peace Movement

Rose bc of horror of war revealed in press: overview US’s role in Vietnam : leak of study which Johnson’s admin lied to pop.

1968 Mylar Massacre: women and children killed in search/destroy mission.

Kent State University 1970 violent riots : 4 students died.

Paris Peace Accords/ War Powers Act

1975 ceasefire signed. + put 60 limit days without congress approval.

Fall of Saigon

1975: Vietnam as one under Communism.

Us lost 48000 troops

Viet lost 2 M civilians 150 000 troops

Civil rights act

1964, no segregation in public spaces

Voting Rights Act

1965, no longer literacy test for people of colour.

Hippie and counter culture

2nd wave of feminism: NOW 1965, desegregation and Civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr (non-violent), stonewall inn riot in 1969.

Environmental and anti-nuclear movement led by Greenpeace 1961.

• no counter culture for Soviets : dev socialism yay justify a non-perfect society led by new leader Brezhnev 1964-82.

• China, Map’s cultural revolution 1966-76: red book fast intellectual and violence ?

Outerspace treaty

1967: no base on the moon

SALT 1 (strategic Arms Limitation Talk)

Negotiations bc of Anti-Ballistic missile system to keep the MAD doctrine.

1972

G. Ford

VP of Nixon 1974-77.

Term marked by ego crisis 70s → program FLIP inflation + negotiation with Egypt/isreal ceasefire agreement by Carter.

J. Carter

1977-81

Nobel prize of peace

Started/Stopped trade with China after end of detente. Increase Defense spending.

Marked by OPEC crisis , stackflation.

SALT 2

June 1979, to limit MIRV + mob of forces. But never ratified by Congress.

Invasion of Afghanistan by Soviets

25th December 1979, which put an end to Detente that conservatives judged to help the Soviets more than the US.

Reagan accused them to be weak.

→ Soviets’ coup to overthrow centrists led to Marxist Govt = angry pop bc Soviets were atheist. + purges of political opponents

→ Mov “Islamism” (≠ Islamist)

• end of detente, of trade + boycott Olympic 1980.

Middle East tensions

77-81: 3rd theatre of Cold War.

US fought Palestine bc wanted to fight terrorism ? + supporter Isreal 1773: oil boycott

• ceasefire 1974 by Carter (Nobel Prize of Peace)

Iranian Revolution

Contributed to end of detente → coup w/ CIA agst Shah (emperor) regim.

→ critics 1979 from Iranian Nationalist led to revolution → Nov 4th 1979 US embassy : hostage for 444 days.

R. Reagan

1981-89.

→ promised redemption for America : “make America Great Again” + promised a “shiny city upon the hill”

→ accused Nixon and Carter to be weak: Soviets threats + inflation 18%→ nostalgia 50s.

• new conservatism: joined by democrats

• 1st wave Neoliberalism: Govt to big: reduce regulation (<3 Thatcher Raeganomics: free trade + belief trickle down eco.

→ tax cuts, but increase Defense ≠ Great society of Johnson.

→ politics: morality, agst abortion, religion, family values.

Rise of New right/left

Right: Christian leader

Pro life Mov, anti-feminist : ERA. AIDS epidemy led to attacks towards gay people.

New Rights Movement

→ extremist = Raegan member of NRA (2nd amendment), (1st amendment protector) w/ KKK, Nazis party)

• Culture battle btw left and right, polarised pop:

Religion = political force + way to repent.

→ mostly sub-group: evangelicals.

“Gospel of Wealth”

Grenada invasion

Dec 1983: scandal as sold weapons to Iran (known to be enemy of US)

Anti-Nuclear movement (FREEZE)

80s bc of 3 mile island accident 1979 or the New Mexico Spill.

→ nuclear freeze : mutual and checked holt on testing and production/employment of nuclear weapons in US and SU.

→ catholics agst deterrence like Leroy Matthieu who questioned moral.

→ consequence of Chernobyl/Ukraine secret:

• when US to blame accused to make profits

• When SU to blame accused for cutting corners on safety

  • Led to control agreements.

Gorbachev

1985-91

Got along with Reagan.

On the verge of collapse + Reagan making it + costly: 2 reforms:

• Peresytokia (rebuilding) 1985: eco/political system : elections , mere intro to free market (regulated)

• Glanast (openness): reducing censorship + press: revealed corruption of Soviets.

START

Strategic Arms Reduction talks 1991: replaced SALT (signed by Bush 1989-93)

Start 2: 1993.

Revolution in satellite states

→ Poland: anti-communist Revo led by Solidarity (illegal before 1989): list of demand to govt: elections = victory.

89: fall of Berlin Wall influenced other countries.

→ Czechoslovakia: gentle Revo

→ Hungary: Communist ouster out 1989.

→ Romania: dictator + wife executed on TV.

End of Soviet Union

Gorbachev seen as weak by radical: failed coup but stepped down 25th dec 1991.

Replace by Commonwealth of Independent republics: Jan 1992.

→ joined NATO: Poland, the Baltic States, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania.