nature and development of human rights

ICESCR

international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights (1966)

features of ICESCR

- self determination

- right to work (article 6)

- right to social security

- right to form trade unions (article 8)

- right to health/education

features of ICCPR

- freedom from torture and slavery

- treated with respect and dignity in detention

- equality before courts

how has ICCPR been incorporated into legislation

article 8 says no one should be held in slavery, incorporated into slavery convention 1926 (global) and modern day slavery act 2018 (aus)

human rights definition

entitlements people have simply because they are human, cannot be denied or taken away by any other individual, group or institution

4 characteristics of human rights

1. universal- applies to everyone

2. indivisible- all are equally important

3. inherent- simply for being human

4. inalienable- can't be given up or taken away

two key areas of international rights

1. international customary law (most of the nations accept them)

2. treaty law (international agreements binding nations to certain behaviours)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

adopted by UN general assembly in 1948, first document setting out fundamental human rights to be universally protected (30 articles)

international bill of rights

informal term referring to UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR

ICCPR

international covenant on civil and political rights (1966)

slavery definition

forced labour where one person is considered the property of another

how has right to slavery developed over time

1. movement to abolish slavery began in 18th century

2. abolished in UK with Slave Abolition Act 1833

3. 1926 league of nations slavery convention

4. 1948 UDHR article 4 prohibited

5. article 8 of ICCPR 1966

modern slavery stats

- 49.6 million people living in modern slavery

- 41,000 in australia

what are labour rights

right to safe working conditions, paid leave, joining unions

how have labour rights developed over time

1. 1871 british parliament decriminalised joining trade unions

2. 1919 creation of international labour organisation

3. 1948 labour rights article 23 and 24 of UDHR

4. 1966 ICESCR article 23 right to work, article 24 right to fair working hours

5. fair work act 2009 (parental leave, superannuation)

universal suffrage definition

right of all citizens to vote in political matters

how has universal suffrage developed over time

1. people's act 1813 UK gave all men right to vote

2. 1893 NZ gave women right to vote

3. 1902 Australian commonwealth granted women's suffrage

4. 1984 Indigenous Australians could vote

5. article 21 of UDHR prescribes universal suffrage

universal education definition

free and compulsory education for all children

how has universal education developed over time

1. 1736 training in reading and writing compulsory in norway

2. 1880 education compulsory for british and french children

3. article 26 of UDHR states education should be compulsory and widely available

4. NSW education act 1990 requires students to remain in education until 17

what is self determination

right of people to determine their own political status and how they will be governed (collective right)

how has self determination developed over time

1. UN charter 1945 first universal recognition of self determination

2. ICESCR 1966

what are environmental rights

collective in nature, right to healthy environment, relate to present and future generations, issues include global warming, marine pollution, atmospheric pollution

how have environmental rights developed over time

1. treaties like stockholm declaration 1972 and kyoto protocol 1997

2. UN climate change conference 2015 produced paris agreement

what are peace rights

right of citizens to expect their government to do all in its power to maintain peace and work towards eliminate war

how have peace rights developed over time

1. 1919 paris conference and establishment of league of nations

2. 1945 establishment of UN

3. 1948 declaration of peoples right to peace

4. UN charter article 1 states purpose to maintain peace

Still learning (4)

You've begun learning these terms. Keep up the good work!