Cell Biology Flashcards

Flashcards about Cell Biology

What is the focus of study in Cell Biology?

The structure and function of eukaryotic cells.

Name a disease related to defective uptake of lipoproteins.

Hypercholesterolemia.

Name a disease related to misfolding of key proteins.

Cystic fibrosis.

Name a disease related to defective cell-cell adhesion in the kidney.

Hypertension.

Name a disease that is tied to errors in cell division, migration, cell polarity, growth.

Cancer.

Name a field where understanding cell biology is important for making informed decisions.

Genetic engineering of foods, biotechnology, stem cell research, forensic sciences, biomedical sciences, archaeology.

Name the cell that has the following basic structure: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Microfilament, Centriole, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Lysosome

Basic structure of a cell.

What are organisms made of?

Cells.

What do organisms need to survive?

Energy (food).

What do organisms do to continue their species?

Reproduce.

What do organisms maintain to keep an internal balance?

Homeostasis.

How are organisms structured?

Organized.

What do organisms do when environmental conditions change?

Respond to the environment.

What physical changes do organisms undergo?

Grow and develop.

What do organisms do with their surroundings?

Exchange materials (water, wastes, gases).

What are the nonliving levels of organization?

Atom (element), Molecule (compounds), Organelles (nucleus, ER, Golgi…).

What are the living levels of organization, starting with the simplest?

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ Systems, Organism.

Beyond the organism, what are the levels of organization within living systems?

Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere.

Who first viewed cells in 1665?

Robert Hooke.

Why did Hooke call the structures he observed 'cells'?

They looked like the small rooms that monks lived in.

Who was the first to view living organisms under a microscope?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

What did Matthias Schleiden conclude about plants in 1838?

All plants were made of cells.

What did Theodore Schwann conclude about animals in 1839?

All animals were made of cells.

What did Rudolph Virchow observe in 1855?

Cells dividing.

What is the first tenet of the cell theory?

All living things are made of cells.

What is the second tenet of the cell theory?

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.

What is the third tenet of the cell theory?

Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division).

Who provided the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory in 1970?

Lynn Margulis.

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

Organelles with their own DNA (Chloroplast and Mitochondria).

Name the three basic types of cells

Animal Cell, Plant Cell, Bacterial Cell

What is the distinction between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Unicellular is composed of one cell, multicellular is composed of many.

What is the typical size range for cells?

5-50 micrometers (microns) in diameter.

Which type of cell is typically larger Plant, Animal or Bacterial?

Plant cell

What happens to cells in multicellular organisms

Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)

What is another name for cell specialization?

DIFFERENTIATION

How do cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized?

Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off.

Name an example of a specialized animal cell.

Muscle cells, Red blood cells, Cheek cells.

Name an example of a specialized plant cell.

Pollen, Guard Cells, Xylem cells.

What is the correct sequence for organization levels of life?

Atoms to Molecules to Organelles to Cells to Tissues to Organs to systems to Organism.

What are cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles called?

Prokaryotes.

What kind of cells are bacteria?

Prokaryotes.

What region contains the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

Nucleoid region.

What kind of cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotes.

Name two of the three basic cell structures found in Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm with organelles

Name the two types of Eukaryotic cells

Plant cell and Animal cell

Where are organelles found?

Cytoplasm.

What are the two components of the cell or plasma membrane?

double layer of phospholipids and proteins

What enters or leaves the cell?

The cell membrane controls

What region of the phospholipids attract water?

Heads contain glycerol & phosphate and are hydrophilic

Molecules in cell membranes are constantly and .

Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing.

What are the functions of Cell Membrane Proteins

Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition

Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tails to act as _ for cell recognition

markers

What is cell wall made of in Plant cells

Cellulose

List two facts about Cytoplasm of a cell

Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane, Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

List three facts about the Nucleus

Controls the normal activities of the cell, Contains the DNA in chromosomes, Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores

What name does the genetic material take in non-dividing cells.

CHROMATIN

What name does the genetic material take in dividing cells.

CHROMOSOMES

What makes DNA the hereditary material of the cell

Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins.

Where are ribosomes made?

Nucleolus.

What protein is microfilaments primarily composed of?

Actin.

Name the function of Centrioles

Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle, Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell

What is generate at the mitochondrion?

cellular energy (ATP)