Quantum Mechanics

Despite being a noble gas, why is Radon easy to ionize?

very large atom, almost no hold on outer electrons

What are the three principles used when constructing atomic energy diagrams?

Aufbau principle, Paulis exclusion principle, and Hunds rule

What is Aufbau’s principle?

electrons are placed in lowest unoccupied energy level/orbital

What is Hund’s Rule?

Degenerate (same energy) orbital get one electron before you are allowed

to fill any one completely

What is Paulis exclusion principle?

each orbital/orientation can hold a max of two electrons

Explain the octet rule

elements are most sable with a full set or complete orbital diagram

What are the three exceptions to the octet rule

1. Boron and hydrogen are happy with less than 8

2. Period 2 and beyond/hypervalent are happy with more than 8

3. free radicals

What does it mean when a set of orbitals undergo hybridization?

When distinct sets of orbitals within the same period mix to form a new set of degenerate orbitals

Why can sulfur obtain hypervalent states where oxygen cant

Sulfur has access to the phantom 2d orbital which allows its orbitals to undergo a greater hybridization, meaning that one or both lone pairs can be turned into bonding electrons

What is planck’s constant?

6.626×10-34 J/s

What is the speed of light

3.0 × 10^8

How many Joules is an electron volt equal to?

1.602x10-19 J = 1 eV