b11 hormonal coordination

based on the specification for aqa gcse triple students

Human endocrine system

The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect. Compared to the nervous system the effects are slower but act for longer. The pituitary gland in the brain is a gland which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions. These hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.

ADHProducedPituitary gland KidneyControls the concentration of water in urine

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)Pituitary gland Thyroid controls the release of hormones from your thyroid gland

AdrenalineThe adrenal gland Heart (and others Prepare the body to fight or run vital organs)away (flight)

PancreasLiverinsulin and glucagon insulin increases and glucagon decreases the conversion of blood glucose to glycogen

Thyroid hormones Thyroid (e.g. thyroxine)VariousControl how quickly you use energy. make proteins and how sensitive your organs are to other hormones

OestrogenOvariesReproductive organsControls puberty and the menstrual

cycle

TestosteroneTestesReproductive organsControls puberty

diabeteez

non-communicable

Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin, the cause for this is unknown. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections. due to the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas being destroyed. Treatment includes insulin injections but there is no cure.

In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas. A carbohydrate-controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments. Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. develops later on in life treatments include living a healthier lifestyle and losing weight .

Maintaining water and nitrogen balance in the body (biology only)

. Water leaves the body via the lungs during exhalation. Water, ions and urea are lost from the skin in sweat. No control over water, ion or urea loss by the lungs or skin. Excess water, ions and urea are removed via the kidneys in the urine. If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis they do not function efficiently. Digesting proteins from the diet results in excess amino acids that need to be excreted safely. In the liver, these amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia. Ammonia is toxic so it is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion. The kidneys produce urine by filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose, some ions and water). The water level in the body is controlled by the hormone ADH which acts on the kidney tubules. ADH is released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated and it causes more water to be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules. This is controlled by negative feedback.

ADHin the pituitary gland and targets the kidneys to control urine concentrations

TSH in the pituitary gland targets the thyroid and controls the release of hormones from the thyroid gland

adrenaline in the adrenal gland targets the heart and other vital organs for a fight-or-flight response

insulin and glucagon in the pancreas target the liver to increase glucagon and its conversion to glucose

thyroid hormone produced in the thyroid gland targets multiple organs to control how fast your organ uses energy, makes protein and controls sensitivity to other hormones

oestrogen produced in the ovaries target the reproductive organs to control puberty and the menstrual cycle

Hormones in human reproduction

During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop. Oestrogen is the main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary. At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days. This is called ovulation. Testosterone is the main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production. Several hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle of a woman.

• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes maturation of an egg in the ovary.

• Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of the egg.

• Oestrogen and progesterone are involved in maintaining the uterus lining.

Contraception

Fertility can be controlled by a variety of hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception. These include:

• oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature

• injection, implant or skin patch of slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years

• barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching an egg

• intrauterine devices which prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone

• spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm

• abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct

• surgical methods of male and female sterilisation.

The use of hormones to treat infertility (HT only)

This includes giving FSH and LH in a ‘fertility drug’ to a woman. She may then become pregnant in the normal way. In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatment.

• IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs.

• The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory.

• The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.

• At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb).

Negative feedback

Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress. It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for ‘flight or fight’. Thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate. It plays an important role in growth and development.

Plant hormones ]Control and coordination

Plants produce hormones to coordinate and control growth and responses to light (phototropism) and gravity (gravitropism or geotropism). Unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots.(HT only) Gibberellins are important in initiating seed germination. (HT only) Ethene controls cell division and ripening of fruits. (HT only) The mechanisms of how gibberellins and ethene work are not required.

use of plant horemones

Plant growth hormones are used in agriculture and horticulture. Auxins are used:

• as weed killers

• as rooting powders

• for promoting growth in tissue culture.

Ethene is used in the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport. Gibberellins can be used to:

• end seed dormancy

• promote flowering

• increase fruit size.

pituitary gland + detail

where?

below the hypthalamus

what?

aids growth ,reproduction ,blood pressure ,

control od blodd glucose concentration

pancreas what?
controls that amount of sugar in your blood

absence;cells cannot respire

excess;comatose

insulin

what?controls the concetration blood glucose

which?pancreas detects the high blood glucose and prodcuces insulin

kidney converts the glucose into glycogen

glucagon

when?glucose levels are too low

what?goes into the liverand muscles and gtes converted into glycogen and glucose

+example of homeostasis

managing diabeteezi

people tend to live relatively normal lives

can be treated with liver transplant and insulin

or for type 2 they can exercise and lose weight

maintaining water in the body

water is needed for the cytoplasm of cells and is crucial fo respiration and protein synthesis

water balance

water is lost through breathing, urinating and sweating

ions and urea are also lost in sweat

absence;less urine more dark colour

excess;more urine and lighter colour

this is controlled by the kidneys and stored in them too

the concentration of blood is monitored in the brain by the osmoregulatory centre and releases ADH

more water =less adh and vice versa this is called negative feedback

protein removal

excess of protein gets digested as amino acids and absorbed ack into the blood

ZA KIDNEY (very important here)

bean shaped boi who filters toxins from your blood .

selective reabsorption includes;

1. filtration of glucose ,urea ,salts and water

2. seletcive reabsorptions due to size of proteins

3. excretion of urea

ZA KIDNEY FAILURE

when blood cannot be filtered properly

due to ;communicable disease or inherted disorders

treatements are kidney transplant or dialysis

DIALYSIS

blood gets temporarily removed from the body and filtered in a mchine and temporarily saves a life .

dialysis is passed with fluid and goes through a permeable membrane

there is the same concentration of glucose and salts so no diffusion

if no healthy kidneys available a transplant occurs

horemones in human reproductions

female secondary chracteristics

growth of breasts

hips widen

growth of under arm and facial hair

pubic hair growth

growth spurt

male secondary chracteristics

growth of testes and penis

increased muscle mass and broadened shoulders

deepening of voice

frowth of hair facial underarm and pubic

growth spurt

the cause of my suffering the menstrual cycle

every 28 days

oestrogen thickens uterine lining occure a few days after menstruation

egg released on day 14

iff fertilised no menstruation

FSHY FSHY follicle stimultaing hormone

makes ovum mature in ovary

stimulate ovaries to make oestrogen

eegstrogen oestrogen

thickens lining too much stop FSHy AND LH

lutenising horemone (LAZY HOR)

make agg hatch from the nest and flyyy

progesterone my bestie

stops menstrauion if egg fertilised

keeps the lining THIC

population control contractives

vasectomy temporary

sterilisation tubes are cut permanent

condoms

femidoms or diaohragms

spermicides

the PILL

THE PILL + progesterone

infertility treatments

in vitro fertilisation test tube bebes

remove egg

fertilise egg

put egg back in