NCSU ANS 110 Exam 2 me

EIPH disease

exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

-seen in performance animals

-capillary walls rupture

-bleeding from nose

- can be seen in the throat

Epistaxis

bleeding from the nose

Lasix

decreases blood pressure, makes horses pee to prevent eiph and make them run faster in races

-has decreased effect over time/usage

Hypoxemia

low blood oxygen level

Heaves

COPD in horses

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

-caused by respiratory irritants

-treat by removing the irritants (hay, bedding, etc), putting them outside more, and/or bronchiodilators

-develop large abdominal muscles from trying to breathe

Circulatory System

supplies the body with nutrients and removes waste

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

Veins

carry blood to the heart

Average horse heart weight

8 lbs

% body weight that is blood

9%

Components of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

How to take a blood sample

From the jugular vein, collected in tubes containing an anticoagulant

Hematocrit (PCV)

percentage of RBC's in the horse's blood

-30-45% is normal

-low is anemic

-high can be from stress or exercise/dehydration

SPLEEN stores and releases RBC's during exercise

Nervous system

sends signals through brain and nerves

Endocrine system

the glands and the hormones they produce

ex; pituitary, thyroid, ovaries, testes

Sight

wide range of vision

eyes on either side of head

-mostly monocular (one eye)

-some binocular in very front (both eyes)

-blind spot immediately behind and in front

Eye

-flattened

-retina closer to the lens at the bottom

-dichromatic vision; they can see blues, yellows, and greens, but NOT reds

Tapetrum Lucidum

night vision - eyes reflect in flash photos

Hearing

-better than humans

-deteriorates with age

- sound waves -> eardrum vibration -> electrical impulses

Ears rotate...

180 degrees using 16 muscles

Taste

-highly linked to smell

-taste buds in papillae on tongue

-horses prefer SWEET tastes

Smell

-selection of food

-predator detection

-communication; social and reproductive

-smell droppings of another horse; see who was there

Vomeronasal organ

Jacobson's organ

-specialized olfactory cells used to detect pheromones

-horses life their upper lip to expose cells to "smell" pheromones

Touch

-nerve endings in the skin transmit signals to the brain when touched

-very sensitive over the ribs

-communication

Axial Skeleton

bones that run along the central axis of the body

-skull to tail

Parietal Bone

top of skull

Frontal bone (skull)

between the eyes

Nasal bone

bridge of nose

Maxilla bone

upper jaw bone, under the eye

Temporal bone

behind the eye

Mandible

lower jaw bone

Cervical vertebrae

neck to shoulder

-starts at the atlas and axis

-7 total (not including atlas and axial)

-small dorsal process

Thoracic Vertebrae

area from shoulder to behind

-doesn't have much movement

-18 total and all have rib pairs

-large dorsal process

# of ribs in the horse

18

Lumbar vertebrae

backside/tail area

-6 total

-medium sized dorsal process

IM Injection site of horse

triangle shape in the middle of the neck area

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

How are the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton attached?

at the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle

Scapula

shoulder blade

Humerus

upper arm bone

Ulna and Radius

bones that are fused together to make the large part of the forearm; where the elbow is found

Carpus/carpal bones

"wrist" bones in the knee (forelimb) of horse

Splint bones

remnants of II and IV toes (metacarpal/metatarsal)

Cannon bone

third metacarpal (metatarsal) of the horse

Sesamoid bones

"knuckles"

-proximal (closer to body)

-distal (closer to foot) aka navicular

humans only have these in the thumb

Long Pastern

proximal phalanx, P1

Short Pastern

Middle phalanx, P2

Coffin bone

distal phalanx, P3

Femur

largest bone of the body; the thigh

Patella

"kneecap" below the femur (hindlimb)

Tibia and fibula

fused together

Tarsus

"ankle" bone; hock

From splint bone down on a horse...

front and back legs are the SAME

Joints

union of bones

Joint capsule

-synovial fluid

-articular cartilage

Flexion

decreasing the angle of a joint

Extension

increasing the angle of a joint

Shoulder joint

-hinge joint

-flex AND extend

Knee joint

-fetlock joint

-flex AND extend

Hip joint

-not like a human ball and socket, but can have a little rotation

Hock joint

ankle (4 joints)

Stifle joint

"knee" joint of hindlimb

Arthritis

inflammation of the joints

-inflamed joint capsule or synovial fluid

-can cause infection and deterioration of the joint

-treat with steroids, supplements, anti-inflammatories, and hyaleuronic acid injections, as well as rest/pain meds

Muscles

-cardiac: heart

-smooth: digestive tract, arteries

-skeletal: contraction and relaxation for limb movement

Masseter (muscle)

jaw muscle

Rhomboideus

diamond shaped muscle at top of neck to the shoulder

Splenius

extends and rotates head

-higher up in the neck

Brachiocephalicus

moves the head up and down

-top of ear to bottom of shoulder

Sternocephalicus

to flex or incline the head and neck

-throatlatch region

Deltoid

over the shoulder blade

Triceps

Back of upper arm, below deltoid

Pectoral muscle

chest muscle

Trapezius

trapezoid shaped muscle at the base of the neck and top of spine, moves neck and shoulders

Latissimus dorsi

above the ribs on the back (muscle)

Intercostals

muscles between the ribs

Abdominals

lower stomach muscles, helps to breathe

NO muscles below the...

knee and hock

Gluteals

top of rump

Quadriceps

front part of femur, near pelvis (muscle)

Gastrocnemius

"calf muscle" on the tibia

Semimembranosus

hamstring muscle on back part of femur

Hoof functions

-protection

-support weight

-circulation of blood

-prevent slipping

Hoof Anatomy

Laminitis

inflammation of the sensitive lamina under the wall of the hoof

-coffin bone rotates in severe cases

-more critical in front feet

-ICE THEM 1st

-acute or chronic

-caused by sepsis, grain overload, obesity, rich pasture, trauma, weight bearing

-treat by anti-inflammatory meds, ice feet, corrective shoeing, hoof wall resection (removal in severe cases)

Lower limb functions

-support weight of the horse (60% in front, 40% in back)

-most of weight is on the coffin bone

-No muscles below the hock; joints move by tendons and ligaments

Tendons

muscle to bone

Flexor tendon

contract to bend/flex a joint (back of the joint)

-common digital

-lateral digital

Extensor tendon

contract to straighten/extend a joint (front of the joint)

-superficial digital

-deep digital

Ligaments

bone to bone

-hold tendons and joints in place

Check ligaments

help support flexor tendons

-superior and inferior

Suspensory ligaments

between the cannon bone and beep digital flexor tendon

-supports full weight of horse

-stay apparatus

Stay apparatus

allows the horse to lock is limbs and stay standing when asleep

-uses minimal energy

-locking patella in hind limb

-locking stifle and hock

Sole bruises

caused by trauma or underlying abscess

Sole corns

bruise at the "seat of corn" between hoof wall and bars

Cracked hoof wall

-crack is distinguished by location (toe, heel)

Thrush of the hoof

bacterial infection of the frog

-black, white crumbles, bad odor

-dirty environment is usually the cause

Navicular disease

degeneration of the navicular bone in horses due to chronic wear and injury

-deep digital flexor is commonly affected

-caused by strain, overuse, poor conformation

-manage by rest, shoeing, anti-inflammatory meds, surgery

Sidebone

Ossification of the lateral cartilage on either side of the coffin bone within the hoof.

Ringbone

bony growth in joints

-secondary to arthritis

-high; pastern joint

-low; coffin joint

-degenerative

-treat with injections

Spavins

bony growth in hock

-type of arthritis

-BOG spavin: swollen hock

-BLOOD spavin: distension of veins in hock