psy 461 quiz 9/10

History of tobacco

One of the most widely used drugs in the world, consumed by approximately 20% of the world

Early use of tobacco

Native Americans cultivated tobacco for thousands of years. Christopher Columbus brought tobacco back to Europe and its use spread.

17th-19th century tobacco

English colony of Virginia cultivated tobacco (slaves brought to work the tobacco fields). Buck Duke and RJ Reynolds important in cigarette industry (Development of the first cigarette-rolling machine boosted production of cigarettes and lowered their cost)

20th century tobacco use

cigarette smoking is very popular.

1950’s tobacco use

scientific studies showed the link between smoking and cancer

1964 tobacco use

U.S. Surgeon General report stated that cigarette use was related to a number of serious illnesses

What was the response of the tobacco industry after research surfaced of harmful outcomes

tobacco industry research industry

What was the Tobacco Industry Research Committee

Public relations campaign to encourage smoking, attack scientific findings about adverse effects

When were cigarette ads banned from tv and radio advertisements

1971

Lawsuits against the tobacco industry culminated in the Master Settlement Agreement of \_____, the largest civil settlement in U.S. history

1998

Limitations on advertising, marketing, promotion of cigarettes of the Master Settlement Agreement

Banned billboard ads, put in restrictions on marketing

\____ of U.S. population has used tobacco in last month

21%

\___ of cigarettes produced are smoked in China

⅓

Most common users of tobacco products

Men, American Indians, Those with a high school education or less, Unemployed people, Those who live below the poverty line, people with mental illness

In what age range do most smoker pick up the habit

teenagers

Why are cigarettes not used amongst most teens

More disapproval of smoking/Greater awareness of smoking’s dangers. Adverse publicity of the tobacco industry/ Less cigarette advertising. Smoking bans in public areas and schools. Decreased availability of cigarettes due to increased prices and more rigorous controls over under age purchases

Tobacco companies have annual revenues estimated to be \____ billion worldwide

$700

Cigarette smoking is estimated to be responsible for \____ billion in annual health-related costs in the U.S.

$193

Average price of pack of cigarettes

$7.26

Since \____, the FDA has regulated the manufacture, import, packaging, labeling, advertising, promotion, sale, and distribution of cigarettes

2009

Since \____, FDA also responsible for regulating ENDS (electronic nicotine delivery system), but as of 2020 have not evaluated most devices for safety

2016

In \____, legislation was enacted to raise the federal minimum age for purchasing any tobacco product, including cigarettes, cigars, and e cigarettes, to 21

2019

Issues to consider when deciding whether tobacco should be illegal

Criteria for schedule I drug, Risks and benefits of use, Economic considerations, Relative value of personal freedom and government regulation

Advertising and tobacco

The tobacco companies spend millions each day, many aimed at youth

Movies and tobacco

Cigarette smoking is common in films. Greater exposure to smoking in films is associated with greater smoking in adolescents

Tobacco plant

Nicotiana tabacum

Preparation of tobacco

After harvest tobacco, dry/cure it (Method changes pH and nicotine levels). Shred tobacco, store, and then manufacturers add more than 600 harmful chemicals (cyanide, ammonia [helps absorption rate] insecticides, arsenic, lead)

Tobacco smoke contains over \____ substances

4000

Gaseous

Ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, CO2,CO, others

Particulate: Nicotine

Found naturally only in the tobacco plant. One of the most toxic of all drugs (more deadly than arsenic)

Particulate: Tar

Sticky brown particulate matter generated by burning tobacco. Contains dozens of carcinogens/ SHS

Least to most used ways to smoke tobacco

Pipes, Smokeless, Cigars, ENDS, Cigarettes

Electronic cigarettes/ vaping

Deliver nicotine as vapor, so claim no tobacco consumed. Typically contain nicotine, flavoring, propylene glycol (Nicotine is heated and vaporized in propylene glycol liquid) E-cigarettes not yet evaluated by FDA for safety.

Safety concerns of e cigs/ vaping

Highly concentrated nicotine. Lack of quality control, Exploding batteries, Arterial stiffness, lung tissue mutations, Carcinogenic substances, Death and permanent lung disease!!!

Routes of administration of tobacco

smoking, chew, transdermal patch

A smoker typically inhales about \____ of nicotine per cigarette

1 to 9 mgs

Cigarettes better absorbed in\___

lungs

Pipes, cigars, smokeless better absorbed in \____

mouth

When tobacco is Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream…

It easily crosses the blood brain barrier

Metabolism of tobacco

CYP450 system of the liver. Nicotine metabolized more slowly in men, newborns, and the elderly

Interactions with tobacco

Speeds up Valium metabolism, increases cocaine effects\=heart attack, inc use of alcohol. Oral contraceptives increase metabolism so women will smoke even more to get fixed. Opioids (interferes with analgesic effect) Interferes with the body's immune system and ability to heal SSRI slow metabolism so nicotine in system longer. Blacks smoke less but have higher mortality rates for lung cancer.

Nicotine has a biphasic effect on ACh receptors

Binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors and excites them. Then stays bound, which prevents neural transmission

Effects on dopamine, GABA, glutamate with nicotine

Dopamine increases release which leads to stronger addiction. Increases receptors which leads to increased DA, which increases addiction.

Overdose of tobacco

Rare but possible.

Therapeutic index of tobacco

21

Tolerance of tobacco

Develops at different speeds to different effects. Metabolic, cellular, behavioral

Withdrawal of tobacco

Can occur fairly rapidly

Tobacco addiction single \____ cause of premature death in the world

greatest

In U.S. kills \____ Americans each year

480,000

True or False: More than alcohol, illegal drugs, fires, motor vehicle injuries, homicide, suicide, and AIDS combined

True

Life-threatening conditions of tobacco use

life span is 13 to 15 years less then nonsmoker

Possible diseases related to tobacco use

Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Other Causal associations with tobacco use

Type 2 diabetes, Crohn’s disease, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, impaired reproductive function, and impaired immune function

Prenatal and postnatal effects of tobacco use

Smoking is harmful to the fetus, infant, and children of smokers. Higher risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, low infant birth weight, SIDS, cleft palate, depression, ADHD

About \____ of pregnant women smoke

9%

Smoking rates in pregnant women are \____ than rates in women who are not pregnant, except in those under age 25

​​lower

Secondhand smoke

Passive smoke, environmental tobacco smoke. (Class A carcinogen)Combination of smoke exhaled from smoker, plus smoke that rises off lit end. Associated with a higher incidence of heart disease and lung cancer

Dependence and addiction of tobacco

Nicotine is considered one of the most addictive substances ever discovered. Tobacco is both biologically and psychologically addictive

Quitting tobacco

Most people who smoke want to quit. Pharmaceutical aids and cessation programs increase the odds of successfully quitting.

Nicotine replacement therapies

Gum, patch, Chantix, which is a partial agonist

True or false: Vaping is efficient in helping quit

false

Pharmacological treatments that don’t replace nicotine

Bupropion (Wellbutrin/Zyban), Behavioral and psychosocial treatment

Caffeine facts

the world's most popular psychoactive substance. Worldwide, approx. 120000 tons of caffeine are consumed daily.

Coffee history

First cultivated in Arabia between the 12th and 15th centuries, houses increased in popularity in Europe in the 17th century

Tea history

Discovered almost 5000 years ago in China

17th century tea

Dutch shipped tea to Europe and tea trade became a major part of the British economy. Dutch shipped tea to North America, but British required American colonists to import their tea from Great Britain onlyTax on tea caused dissent -\> Boston Tea Party

Chocolate history

Mayans, Incans, and Aztecs cultivated the cacao tree and made a warm, thick, bitter drink from its beans. Spanish explorers brought cacao pods back to Spain. In the 19th century, the Dutch developed a process to make cocoa butter to help with bars!

Soft drink history

First became popular in the 19th century. Pharmacists invented many of the brands that are still popular today

Energy drink history

soared into popularity over the last 2 decades

Worldwide prevalence of caffeine

Caffeine consumption from all sources is about 75 mg per person per day. This differs greatly by country and by form of caffeine consumed The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 was against importation of cocaine and opioids. Caffeine was also added to this at first

In the USA, Caffeine consumption from all sources about \____ mg/day

165

\___ of the US population consumes caffeine

85%

over \___ of adults consume adults

90%

Children and teens consume most of their caffeine from?

soft drinks

What are theobromines, theophyllines and caffeine derived from?

Xanthines

What are Xanthines

are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in the treatment of asthma symptoms.

Coffee

Beans of several species of Coffea Arabica and Coffea robusta trees

Preparation of coffee

Beans are roasted to enhance their flavor and then ground

Tea

Leaf and bud of the Camellia sinensis tree

Preparation of black tea

Dry and crush leaves, then oxidize. Oxidation causes the gain of xanthines.

Preparation of green tea

Steam fresh leaves to prevent oxidation

Preparation of oolong tea

Allow leaves to oxidize a short time

Chocolate

Cocoa beans from Theobroma cacao tree. Cocoa beans contain a small amount of caffeine, but 8 times as much theobromine (which stimulates you by blocking adenosine also). Dark chocolate 9mg, Milk chocolate 1mg. Tryptophan makes serotonin increase thus chocolate is a “antidepressant”

Chocolate preparation

harvested, fermented, dried, cleaned, roasted. Press into powder and mix with sugar and cocoa butter. Add dried milk for milk chocolate

Sources and forms of soft drinks and energy drinks

Typically contain water, flavor, sweetener, caffeine, colorings, preservatives. Many contain small amounts of cola nuts, which are the seeds from Cola trees. Cola nuts contain about 2 to 3 percent caffeine and 1 to 2 percent theobromine, both of which act as stimulants when consumed.

Classification of soft drinks and energy drinks

Soft drinks classified as beverages and overseen by the FDA. Some energy drinks are classified as dietary supplements, and not regulated by the FDA.Often contain natural/synthetic caffeine and Guarana which comes from a plant that grows in South America. Highest concentration of caffeine in any plant, but NOT listed as caffeine.

Caffeine almost always absorbed \____ from the gastrointestinal tract, caffeine plus other chemicals to enhance absorption and effect

orally

Caffeine metabolism

CYP450 enzyme system of the liver

What influences the metabolism of caffeine

Age, sex, race, other drugs taken. Drugs that slow caffeine’s metabolism include alcohol, oral contraceptives, and SSRIs. Caffeine may interact with many drugs, including antidepressants, thyroid medication, oral contraceptives, and some antibiotics. Smoking cigarettes increases caffeine metabolism, so smokers may feel the effects of caffeine less than non-smokers.

Adenosine

Inhibitory neurotransmitter. Causes sedation, sleep, anticonvulsant, lowers blood pressure and heart rate, decreases urination. Stimulates GABA

Caffeine/theobromine/theophylline block adenosine receptors, which causes overall stimulation

Caffeine inhibits absorption of Synthroid. Caffeine can increase actions of SSRI’s thus serotonin syndrome. Oral contraceptives, alcohol, some SSRI’s, and theobromine can interfere with metabolism of caffeine thus inc jitters, flushing, anxiety, heart rate

Hard to summarize the acute effects of caffeine since it is usually ingested in a beverage rather than in its pure form because

Coffee and tea contain many other pharmacologically active substances, Difficult to isolate the effects of caffeine, Effects also depend on whether a person has become tolerant to caffeine

Caffeinism

too much caffeine

About \___ cups of coffee in 1 day can be fatal (but energy drinks have a lot of caffeine

drink two or three add lack of tolerance/physical issues)

Medical and therapeutic uses of caffeine

Hard to differentiate between effects of caffeine and effects of coffee/ chocolate/ tea

Treatments with caffeine

Respiratory stimulant for premature infants, asthma, and help treat migraine headaches

Caffeine may help reduce risk of

Type 2 diabetes and liver disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, and cancer

Caffeine tolerance

Develops quickly to cardiovascular, respiratory, sleep effects, but not effects on mood

Dependence of caffeine

Develops quickly

Withdrawal from caffeine

Headache, fatigue, decreased energy, irritability