Nationalism Topics

Italy

• Young Italy

  • Society by Giuseppe Muzzini; urged for democratic republic w/ male suffrage

• Duties Toward Your Country (1858)

  • Book by Muzzini; language and tradition is what defines a nation. Stand up and break away from foreign powers (Austria)

• Syllabus of Errors

  • Pope Pius IX; argued against rationalism, socialism, and the efforts in Italy Unification, like taking Rome and the Papal States

• Piedmont-Sardinia

  • a “wow” to many people; heavily industrialized, civil liberties brought on by constitution

• Battles of Magenta & Solferino

  • w/ Austria in 1858-59 by Cavour + France to gain Lombardy and some area around Milan

• Pro-Unification Efforts in Tuscany

• France re-allies after gaining Savory and Nice in 1860

• Garibaldi’s Red Shirts (1k) to Sicily

• The Meeting at Teano (1860)

• Very Divided Italy (1861)

Socialism

• German Social Democratic Party

  • Wages, working conditions, eventualyl recognize bargaining 1899

• Anti-Socialism in Reichstag by Bismarck

  • Limited announcements, dmeonstrations, meetings

• 1880s Russia Social Democratic Party

• France’s Workers United

• GB’s suffrage movement

  • gained voting in 1919; eventually property rights and ownership (through London’s National Galley destroy)

• Karl Marx’s First International

• Paris Commune 1871

• Second International

Prussia & Austria

• Zollverein (1834)

  • Austria pissed in 1854

• Prussia in 1848

  • Weak Parliament, peopel advocate they are the voice, not king

  • Wilhelm I tries passing higher taxes, wanted to double army (Parliament said NO)

• Bismarck

  • PM of Prussia —> increase taxes + build army (denouncing Parliament)

    • they remain pissed even from 1862-66

• Schleswig-Holstein

  • Danish King fails 1864

  • Austria + Prussia take control of the area

  • Bismarck wants full control

    • Secret alliances and provokes Austria (austro-prussian war)

• Austro-Prussian War 1866

  • 7 Weeks cuz Industrial efforts succeed + no outside support

  • Battle of Sadowa

  • Bismarck gives Austria incredible peace terms (no reparations, stay out of Germany)

• North German Confederation

  • Parliament starts supporting Bismarck (cuz more freedom)

• Franco-Prussian War

  • Over South Germany

  • Bismarck wins by uniting south germany to go against France

  • STARTED by Wilhelm’s note being altered about Spain

  • France loses rich city of Alsace + Lorraine

• German Social Democratic Party

  • Bismarck Response

Jewish

• Zionism

  • german homeland in Palestine

• Karl Luegar’s Christian Socialist Party in Vienna 1890s

• German Unification w/ lenient constitution

  • workplace freedom, where to live freedom, property ownership

Russia

• Wants for Reform (BEFORE ALEXANDER II)

  • serfdom, perpetual debt. revolts by radical marxists become more popular. slow industrialization

• Crimean War

  • Ottoman territories w/ France

  • lost b/c bad industrialization and led to reforms by Tsar Alex II

• Alexander II

  • Abolished Serfdom

  • Industrialized —> Trans-Siberian Railway

  • Took eastern siberia, china borders

  • “People’s Will” Assassination in 1881

• Alexander III

  • Sergei Witte

    • Doubled railroads; protective tariffs and promoted west industrialization

• Nicholas II

  • Water Palace in St. Petersburg (Bloody Sunday)

  • October Manifesto

    • Full citizen rights + the Duma (Parliament)

  • Fundamental Laws (veto power, ultimately dissolving the Duma)

• Russian Revolution of 1905

  • Japan launches attack on Port Arthur.. russia loses

  • (causes what Nicholas II creates)

Germany (post-unification)

• Similar Federal Structure to U.S. (North German Confederation)

• Kulturkrampt

  • Bismarck + National Liberals to halt the efforts of Catholic Church

• Catholic Center Party

  • Bismarck tries winning their support (to prevent religious success and instability)

    • Revokes free-trade policy and placed protection tariffs on strong nations

• Bismarck responds to SPD

• Strong social security system

• Wilhelm II

  • Forces Bismarck’s resign to promote militarist regime

  • Eventually gains support of Social parties

    • Focused on external conflicts, giving them the freedom in Reichstag

France

• Napoleon III

  • Coup de’tat in Parliament (1851)

    • Blocked many reforms to benefit poor people (like education and right to vote)

    • declares Second French Empire

  • July 1858 alligns with Cavour

  • Earns Savory & Nice in 1860

  • Promoted social-unity by giving rich + poor similar economic benefits

  • Sensitive w/ public opinion!

    • new banks, rebuilds paris, railroad constructoin projects

    • granted workers right to strike in 1860s (urban middle class complains to him)

• Franco-Prussian War (1870)

  • Bismarck wanted unify souther states

  • altered wilhelm’s letter

  • Created Paris Commune 1871

  • Battle of Sedan CAPTURES Napoleon III

    • People continue fighting in Paris for 5 months

• Third French Republic forms

  • Adolphe Thiers

    • created welfare reforms aimed at education

      • widened gap between religious and non-religious republicans/conservatives

  • Dreyfus Affairs

    • Alfred Dreyfus