Anatomy II: Chapter 21 pt 4
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38 Terms
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What is another name for the cell-mediated immune response?
Cellular immunity
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Which type of antigen requires a cell-mediated immune response?
Intracellular pathogens
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Which cells are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
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How do T cells recognize antigens?
Displayed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
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What is the first step in T cell activation?
Binding to an antigen on an APC
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What is the purpose of co-stimulation in T cell activation?
Prevents T cells from attacking normal body cells
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Which molecules influence T cell activation and differentiation?
Cytokines
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What are cytokines?
Chemical messengers that influence immune responses
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What happens to most activated T cells after an immune response?
They undergo apoptosis
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What is the benefit of T cell apoptosis?
Prevents excessive immune responses
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What are the two major types of T cells?
CD4 and CD8 T cells
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What is the function of CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells?
Directly destroy infected or abnormal cells
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What is the function of CD4 (helper) T cells?
Help activate B and T cells
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What type of T cell is essential for regulating the immune response?
Regulatory T cells
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What would happen if there were no helper T cells?
The immune response would be severely weakened
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Helper T cells interact with antigen-presenting cells using:
MHC class II molecules
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What molecule is released by helper T cells to stimulate the immune response?
Interleukin-2
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How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?
They release perforin and granzymes
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What do perforin molecules do?
Form pores in the target cell membrane
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Which immune cell directly destroys cancer cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
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What is the role of memory T cells?
Provide long-term immunity
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Which T cell is involved in preventing autoimmune diseases?
Regulatory T cells
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What is the most common type of organ transplant?
Allograft
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Why do transplant patients require immunosuppressive drugs?
To prevent the body from rejecting the transplant
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Which immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic defect in B and T cells?
SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
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What is the primary cause of AIDS?
HIV attacking CD4 cells
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is an allergy?
Type I
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What chemical is released in allergic reactions?
Histamine
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Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that requires:
Epinephrine
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What is an autoimmune disease?
When the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues
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Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease?
Type 1 diabetes
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What is the function of interleukins?
Activate and regulate immune responses
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Which type of hypersensitivity is delayed and involves T cells?
Type IV
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What is the hygiene hypothesis?
Lack of exposure to microbes increases immune disorders
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Autografts
from one body site to another in the same person
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Isografts
between identical twins
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Allografts
between individuals who are not identical twins
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Xenografts
from another animal species
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