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Circulatory System
The system responsible for the transport of blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment.
Plasma
The liquid component of blood, consisting of water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products.
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
Leukocytes
White blood cells that provide defense against infection and disease.
Platelets
Cell fragments involved in the process of blood clotting.
Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells that binds and carries oxygen.
Sinoatrial Node
A cluster of cardiac muscle cells that initiates the heartbeat.
Atrioventricular Node
An area of the heart located in the septum between the atria that relays electrical impulses to the ventricles.
Cardiac Cycle
The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart during a single heartbeat.
Phagocytes
White blood cells that engulf and digest foreign particles and pathogens.
Agglutination
The clumping of red blood cells in response to an antibody and antigen reaction.
Antibody
A protein produced by the immune system in response to an antigen.
Antigen
A substance that stimulates an immune response, often found on the surface of pathogens.
Blood Pressure
The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.
Lymphatic System
A system that collects and recycles fluids leaked from the cardiovascular system and is involved in immune responses.
Fibrinogen
A plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during the blood coagulation process.
Neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that is a key player in the immune response against bacterial infections.
Monocyte
A type of white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells.
Aorta
The largest artery in the body, responsible for transporting oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Valves
Structures in the heart and veins that prevent the backflow of blood.
Systemic Circuit
The circuit of blood flow that delivers oxygen-rich blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary Circuit
The circuit of blood flow that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
Erythropoietin
A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.
Myeloid progenitor cell
A stem cell that gives rise to various blood cells, including erythrocytes and platelets.
Lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that is integral to the body's immune response, particularly in producing antibodies.
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