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March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)

first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on

Father Pedro de Valderrama

first Catholic Mass was Celebrated by

Southern Leyte

first Catholic Mass was located at

Birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines

Holy First Mass marked the

Limasawa

francisco albo

james robertson

father bernard

francisco albo

pilot of magellan's flagship

- writes that they erected a cross on a mountain which overlooked three islands the west and the southwest.

james robertson

agreed with Pastells in a footnote that "Mazua" was actually Limasawa

Father Bernard

studied all the Pigafetta's maps

- maps will show that this jibes with Limasawa and not Masao or Butuan

evidence for limasawa

1. Albo's Logbook

2. Evidence of Pigafetta

3. summary of albo and pigafetta

- 2 native kings

- 7 days a mazaua

- argument from omission

4. Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi expedition

2 native kings

rajah kolambu and rajah saigu

Masao, Butuan

1872 : A monument to commemorate the site of first mass was built

1953: to rehabilitate the monument

The people in Butuan asked the Philippine Historical Committee ___ _______________ _____ _________________ or place a marker on the site.

gregorio zaide

identified Masao in Butuan as the location of the first mass

Diary of Antonio Pigafetta

what is the basis for Zaide's claim?

ZAIDE'S 6 POINTS FAVORING MASAO, BUTUAN CITY

1. name of place

2. route from Homonhon taking a west southwest course

3. latitude position

4. passage to Cebu to Butuan

5. Material cultures

6. geographical features of Butuan

"bonfire" and "balanghai"

material cultures of butuan

- gold

- settlement before westerners came

geographical features of Butuan

Cavite Mutiny

one of the most significant historical accounts in the Philippine History.

Jan 20, 1872

when did the Cavite mutiny happen?

2 major events

- 1872 Cavite Mutiny

- Martyrdom of the three priests

Mutiny

rebellion against authority

200 soldiers and laborers

how many people rose up during the mutiny?

Fort San Felipe, Cavite

where did the people rise up?

Sergeant Fernando La Madrid

who was the leader of the cavite mutiny?

beginning of Filipino nationalism, Philippine revolution 1896

cavite mutiny was _____ that eventually lead to?

Unsuccessful but 11 Spanish officials were killed

what was the result of the mutiny?

Tribute (Tributo)

Filipinos were compelled to pay ________to the colonial government as a sign of loyalty to the king of spain

Polo y Servicios

All male Filipinos from 18 to 60 years of age were require to give their free labor

polo

this means free labor

GOMBURZA

tagged as masterminds for the mutiny

February 17, 1872

when were they executed?

Bagumbayan (Luneta) in Manila

where were they executed?

Garrote

what was the method of execution?

who were the 3 priests?

- Father Mariano Gomez

- Father Jose Apolonio Burgos

- Father Jacinto Zamora

Father Mariano Gomez

old man in mid 70s

- chinese filo

- truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty calmly.

Father Jose Apolonio Burgos

35 years old

- spanish born in fil

- parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and close to the liberal Governor General

- active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy.

Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre.

Liberal gov gen

Father Jacinto Zamora

37 years old

- spanish born in fil

- priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly.

- He would not support any arrogance from Spaniards coming from Spain.

diff accounts of the event (spanish ver)

- Jose Montero y Vidal

- Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez

Jose Montero y Vidal

- According to him, it is an aim of Indios or Natives to overthrow the Spanish Government

- His account on mutiny was criticized as woefully biased

Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez

Governor-General of the Philippines from April 4, 1871 to January 8, 1873

- ordered the execution of GOMBURZA

new "hari"

In a biased report, he highlighted the attempt to overthrow the Spanish and install burgos and zamora as?

diff accounts of the event (filipino ver)

- Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera

- Edmund Plauchut

Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera

- A Filipino Scholar and Researcher

- the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privilege.

- stated the gomburza wasnt the head of the mutiny

Edmund Plauchut

- french writer who witnessed the execution

- Complemented Tavera's account by confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of arsenal workers and soldiers in Cavite

reasons for the retraction of rizal

- To save his family and town from further persecution.

- To give Josephine a legal status as his wife.

- To secure reforms from the Spanish Government.

1. rebellion

2. conspiracy

3. sedition

3 reasons why rizal was filed for execution

4 versions

how many versions does the retraction have?

Dec 30, 1896

when was the first version published?

La Voz Espanola and Diario de Manila

where was the first version published?

Fr. Balaguer

who wrote the second version of the retraction?

Barcelona, Spain in the Fortnightly magazine in La Juventud.

where did the second ver of the retraction appear?

February 14,1897

when was the second ver. found?

third version

said to be the "original text"

Archdiocesan archives (by Manuel Garcia)

where was the third ver discovered?

May 18, 1935

when was the third ver found?

39 years

how many years did the third ver of the retraction disappear after rizal was shot?

fourth ver

short formula of the retraction

El Imparcial

where was the fourth ver appear?

Father Vicente Balaguer

- one of the Jesuit Priests that visited Rizal in his last hour

- claimed that he managed to persuade Rizal to denounce Masonry

Father Pio Pi

head of the jesuits in ateneo

- made the retraction for rizal to sign.

- "had recieved an exact copy of the retraction written and signed by rizal"

Father Rosell

Dec 30, 1896, he saw the retraction paper in Ateneo.

Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda

archbishop who Fr. Pi gave the document to then handed it to the Secretary of the Archbishop.

Thomas Gonzales Feijoo

Secretary of the Archbishop

Luis Taviel de Andrade

He heard that in the morning of execution, Rizal married Josephine Bracken.

Gaspar Castano

claimed that he had held the retraction paper in his hands and read it

"Coetaneous Acts"

- docu was kept secret

- request of rizal's family to have the og copy was denied

- rizal's burial was kept secret

- no masses of funeral was held

- he was not buried at Catholic Cemetery of Paco

timeline of the retraction

December 28 to 30 1896

December 28, 1896

archbishop nozaleda requested spiritual consolation for rizal

December 29, 1896 at 11:00 am

Fr. Balaguer and Fr. Jose Villaclara tried to convince him to write a retraction paper

- he refused

December 29, 1896 at 2:00 pm

Rizal had talks with Fr. Estanislao March and Fr. Jose Villaclara.

December 29, 1896 at 3:30 pm

Fr. Balaguer returned to his cell to discuss (again) the retraction.

- we dont know what happened

December 29, 1896 at 5:30 pm

the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, with Frs. Balaguer, March and Villaclara talk with Rizal and exchange some views with him.

- Before he took his last supper, he had confessed to Fray Faura.

Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon

Dean of manila cathedral

December 29, 1896 at 9:30 pm

Amiable talk with Manila's Royal Audiencia Fiscal

Don Gaspar Cestaño

Manila's Royal Audiencia Fiscal

December 29, 1896 at 10:00 pm

2 ver of retraction were given to him

- fr. balaguer (too long)

- fr. pio pi (signed)

Juan Del Presno and Eloy Maure

2 witnesses who signed the retraction

December 30, 1896 at 6:00am

fr. balaguer married rizal and bracken before his execution.

Governor General Camilo G. Polavieja

firm on rizal's execution

Cry of Balintawak/Pugadlawin

- First Cry of Rebellion

- Pagpupulong and talumpati ni Andres Bonifacio where in nanghikayat sya ng revolution

- Pagpunit ng Sedula

caloocan

only municipality of manila

Unang Laban

Soledad Borromeo-Buehler

Pasya/pagpupunit

Teodoro Agoncillo & Isagani Medina

Borromeo-Buehler

Pointed out that this cry commemorated the unang Laban

Aug 26, 1896

Detachment of Guardia Civil

Pacpac Lawin

house of Melchora Aquino in Pasong Tamo, Barrio Banlat, Caloocan

1917, Pio Valenzuela

According to him Pagpupunit and pasya happened on Melchior's Aquino house

Pugad Lawin

Juan Ramos' house in Barrio Bahay Toro, Caloocan

Isagani Medina

Believed that Pagpupunit perceded first

aug 23

date of pagpupunit

aug 24

date of pagpapasya

Poblacion, Caloocan —> Kangkong --> Pasong Tamo —> Balara

what really happened

August 22, 1896

Date when Katipunan members gathered before the Cry.

300

how many Katipuneros reached Apolonio Samson House in Kangkong

12 revolvers, itak, suligi, baliraw

Armas they had

Pamahalaang Mapaghimagsik

Meeting pointed out the establishment of?

August 29-30, 1896

Pasya for the start of revolution scheduled to be on

Jim Richardson

surmised that the KKK Veterans' statements that the two events happened in Kangkong, Caloocan were legitimate.

Revolt of the Masses

Written by Teodoro Agoncillo in 1956