exam1 2nd sems bio

Describe the changes in appearance that happen over time among the hominids

Increased brain size, bipedalism (walking upright), reduction in jaw and tooth size, development of tool use, changes in skull shape (more rounded in modern humans)

How are modern Homo sapiens different from our ancestors of the past?

Larger brains, smaller jaws and teeth, more rounded skull, fully bipedal posture, more complex culture and technology

Which of the hominids that we discussed is the oldest?

Australopithecus

Which hominid was the first to migrate out of Africa? Where did they spread to?

Homo erectus, spread to Asia and Europe

How were Neanderthals different from other hominids before them?

Larger brains, robust builds (cold-adapted), used more complex tools, buried their dead (evidence of symbolic behavior), possibly had language

Why is Homo habilis an important step in evolution for hominids?

Considered the first toolmaker ("handy man"), marking a significant step in cultural and cognitive evolution

Which Hominid lived among humans for a period of time?

Neanderthals (coexisted with early Homo sapiens)

What evidence shows that Neanderthals were more advanced than any hominid before?

Complex tool use, control of fire, burial rituals (symbolic behavior), possible language use

What are the three Domains of life?

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

What are the 8 taxa of classification in order from the broadest to the most specific?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Fill in the chart with the 6 Kingdoms and provide the necessary Key Features and Example

Archaea – Extreme environments, no peptidoglycan – Example: Methanogens, Bacteria – Peptidoglycan cell wall, binary fission – Example: E. coli, Protista – Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, move with cilia/flagella/pseudopodia – Example: Amoeba, Fungi – Heterotrophic, absorb nutrients, chitin cell wall – Example: Mushroom (Agaricus), Plantae – Autotrophic, cellulose cell wall, stationary – Example: Oak tree, Animalia – Heterotrophic, no cell wall, motile – Example: Dog

Fungi are a special type of heterotroph that eats dead and decaying matter known as a

Decomposer or saprophyte

Organisms in the Kingdom of ____ use flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia to move.

Protista

Compare AND Contrast vertebrates and invertebrates.

VERTEBRATES: Have backbone, internal skeleton, part of Chordata (5% of animals), INVERTEBRATES: No backbone, often have exoskeleton, make up 95% of animals

Explain the two forms of body symmetry in animals.

1. Radial symmetry: Body parts arranged around a central axis (e.g., starfish), 2. Bilateral symmetry: Body has left and right mirror halves (e.g., humans)

Organisms that have a concentration of sensory organs on one end are thought to have undergone the process of , meaning they have a head.

Cephalization

Recreate the timeline of plants discussed in class starting with cyanobacteria and ending with Angiosperms.

Cyanobacteria, Protista (phytoplankton), Bryophytes (mosses), Tracheophytes (ferns), Gymnosperms (pines), Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Cyanobacteria belong to the Kingdom .

Bacteria

What is Nitrogen Fixing? How did this help the cyanobacteria?

Process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms (like ammonia), Helped cyanobacteria thrive in nutrient-poor environments by allowing them to access nitrogen

Single-celled photosynthetic organisms that free float in water are known as and are in the Kingdom Protista.

Phytoplankton

The first plants to establish themselves on land were the .

Bryophytes (e.g., mosses)

What is the term "nonvascular" mean?

Lacks xylem and phloem, water/nutrients move by diffusion

The first vascular plants are known as

Tracheophytes (e.g., ferns)

The vascular system of plants consists of ____ and ____.

Xylem and Phloem

Provide 2 examples of a seedless vascular plant.

Ferns, Horsetails

What 3 adaptations allowed seed plants to reproduce without water?

1. Pollination, 2. Seeds, 3. Protective seed coats

What is a gymnosperm? Include all of the key features

Seed plants with "naked seeds" (not enclosed in an ovary), Key features: Needle-like leaves, woody stems, cones, perennial, cold-adapted

What are the three ways we classify Angiosperms?

1. Number of cotyledons (monocot/dicot), 2. Stem type (woody/herbaceous), 3. Lifespan (annual/biennial/perennial)

Seed leaves in developing Angiosperms are known as

Cotyledons

Plants with one seed leaf are known as

Monocots

Plants with TWO seed leaves are known as

Dicots

What is the function of the roots?

Anchor plant, absorb water & nutrients, store food

Define the meristem. What happens when the meristem is damaged or removed?

Region of unspecialized, actively dividing cells at tips of roots/shoots, If damaged: Primary (vertical) growth stops, only secondary (outward) growth continues

Compare and Contrast taproots and fibrous roots.

TAPROOT: One large primary root (e.g., carrot), FIBROUS: Many thin roots spread out (e.g., grass), Some plants have both

What is the function of the stem?

Supports leaves/flowers, transports substances (via xylem/phloem), stores nutrients

Provide the name, theory, expedition, and animals that aided in developing the major evolutionary theories.

Charles Darwin – Natural selection – HMS Beagle – Finches/Tortoises, Alfred Russel Wallace – Natural selection/Speciation – Malay Archipelago – Birds/Insects, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – Inheritance of acquired traits – No specific expedition – None specified

____ structures are similar structures in different organisms.

Homologous

____ structures are inherited structures that no longer serve their purpose.

Vestigial

____ structures serve the same purpose but differ in structure.

Analogous

What are the four characteristics that define Chordates?

1. Notochord, 2. Hollow nerve cord, 3. Pharyngeal slits, 4. Post-anal tail