Anatomy chapter 2

The human body has over ___ types of cells

200

cells are the smallest ‘_____ ___ in our bodies

living unit

basic cellular function

obtain and use nutrients, get rid of waste, replicate/regenerate,repair

the three functions of a cell are carried out by the cells

organelles

What is A

nucleus

what is B

Plasma membrane

fluid mosaic model proves

the plasma membrane is made up of many structures

phospholipids

fats, amphipathic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic), creates framework for the plasma membrane, makes up 75% of membrane lipids

B is

hydrophilic

A is

hydrophobic

Membrane proteins

integral, peripheral

Integral protein

imbedded in the by layers, extend across both layers

peripheral protein

does not extend across the bilayer, easily separated from it

transmembrane protein tells us its a

integral protein

Main function of plasma membrane

Protective barrier, cellular communications, regulates movements of substances coming in and out

the plasma membrane is selectively

permeable

permeable

ability to cross

integral proteins act as ____ to assist the entrance of ____ molecules

transporters, impermeant

carriers are associated with ___ transport

passive

pumps are associated with

active

pumps need the energy because they are

moving molecules against the natural gradients

Natural gradient

high to low

which are passive transports

A,b,c

if something is hydrophilic it often times is

lypophobic

Inorder to pass through it has to also be

lypophyllic

osmosis

the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

why cant water pass The lipid bilayer alone

The tails are hydrophobic

is osmosis a protein acts as a ____ so the water molecules can go through

channel

facilitated diffusion

An integral protein opens up and allows solute across the membrane (carrier)

Carriers vs channels

a channel opens like a tunnel, carriers open hinge like

carriers and channels are associated with

passive transport

vesicular membrane transport

pieces of a plasma membrane that get pinched off to form a plasma membrane bubble

three ways vesicles are used for endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

(cell eating) brings bigger molecules in, plasma membrane will extend up and form these arms (pseudopods), they then fuse together top hinges off and the bubble migrates down into the cell

Vessel bringing stuff in if its phagocytosis

phagosome

Pinocytosis

cell drinking, creates a pit extracellular fluid (all dissolved solutes) will go into the pit, two ends will fuse together

receptor- mediated endocytosis

like pino but requires a receptor to bind to the surface, when the binding occurs it will signal to kick off the process

Vessicular membrane exocytosis

the vesicle is a bilayer, vesicle migrates to the edge of the cell, phospholipids fuse together allows vesiclle to open up and release any molecules

cytoplasm is composed of

cytoplasm, organelles, inclusions

endocytosis and exocytosis

act as yin and yang balance of replenishing phospholipids and also bringing in cells

as we bring some of the cells in they will fuse together top hingesgether with the ____

organelles

cytosol

jelly like fluid which all other intracellular elements are suspended (all the stuff sits in)

what would be found in cytosol

water, ions, enzymes

what occurs in the cytosol

many chemical reactions (using the enzymes)

organelles

specialized structures within a cell that have a characteristic shapes and perform specific functions

inclusions

temporary strucures because these molecules are broken down (not permenant)

example of inclusions

pigments, crystals of proteins, food stores

what are some basic organelles

mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

ribosomes

protein synthesis , made up of two dif proteins + ribosomes eat RNA that are two different subunits

Location of ribosomes

cytosol (free ribosomes), or attatched to the endoplasmic reticulum (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

endoplasmic reticulum

network writhing the cytoplasm, network of membrane enclosed cavities

rough ER function

protein synthesis

smooth ER

no ribosomes, making and breaking down lipids, calcium storage

cavities in ER

Cisterne (flattened sacs or tubules)

What is a

cisterns

What is b

rough er

What is C

smooth ER

What is D

ribosomes

the ER is all extending from the

nucleus

goblin apparatus is known for

the processing center of the cell

Proteins and lipids get transported to the Golgi apparatus and

gets processed if anything needs to be added or cut

a protein would get packaged into

Golgi has two sides the receiving side is called

cis

Protein through the golgi

cis face, then flattened in cisternae, then is sorted, then reaches trans face (shipping side),Golgi pinch offs a piece of itself with the protein and then goes off to a final destination

Coordination of organelles

pinching off of ER, then cis space of Golgi, through cisternae, exits out transface pinches off Golgi, then can take avoupkle different pathways

if a protein is meant for a diff cell

It will fuse with the membrane and is destined for an exocytosis

Meant to be an integral protein

inserts into the plasma membrane

protein must be destroyed

breaks the protein secretory vessicle will fuse worth the lysosome, and the lysosome has acidic enzymes to break it down

peroxisomes vs lysosomes

lysosmes (digestion), peroxisomes (detox)

peroxisomes

removes toxic wastes by using special enzymes

An example of a cytoskeleton microfillament

actin

cytoskeleton intermediate fillaments

woven like a rope

cytoskeleton mictrotubules

hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulins

centrioles are

an individual organelle made up of multiple microtubules

centrosome

pair of two centrioles

microfillaments

edge of the cell m

microvilli is __ a microfillament

not

microfillament are

finger like projections of the plasma membrane with actin on the inside

What acts as the structural rods to keep the microvilli up

actin

microtubules

largest diameter

microtubules dont have to be ___ but can be

motile

example of microtubules

chilling and flagella

Flagella

sperm

intermediate fillaments

stabilize organelle position in the cytoskeleton and attatch cells to one another

the nucleus

control center of the cell n

nucleolous

synthesis of ribosomes (RNA will help for the ribosomes)

chromatin q

genetic material

nuclear envelope

a double membrane on the nucleus

D, glyco proteins, cellular adhesion and recognition