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28 Terms

1
What is the formula for calculating Molarity (M)?
Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution
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2
What is the formula for Mass (weight) percent?
Mass (weight) percent = (mass of solute / mass of solution) × 100%
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3
What is the mole fraction formula for component A?
Mole fraction (XA) = moles of A / total moles of solution
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4
What is the formula for Molality (m)?
Molality (m) = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent
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5
What are the steps in the dissolving process?
1) Separating the solute into individual components; 2) Overcoming intermolecular forces in the solvent; 3) Allowing solute and solvent to interact.
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6
Identify the type of solute and solvent in carbonated water.
Solute: Gas (CO2), Solvent: Liquid (water)
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7
What occurs during step 3 of the dissolving process?
Step 3 usually releases energy and is often exothermic.
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8
What law relates the vapor pressure of a solution to its components?
Raoult's Law.
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9
Define colligative properties.
Properties that depend only on the number of solute particles, not their identity.
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10
How does the presence of a nonvolatile solute affect vapor pressure?
It lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent.
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11
What happens to the boiling point of a solvent when a nonvolatile solute is added?
The boiling point of the solvent increases.
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12
What factor does Henry’s law describe regarding gas solubility?
The amount of gas dissolved is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution.
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13
What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of most solids in water?
The solubility usually increases with temperature.
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14
What happens to the solubility of a gas in solvent as temperature increases?
It typically decreases.
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15
What is the van’t Hoff factor for NaCl?
i = 2 (assuming complete dissociation).
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16
What is the Tyndall effect?
The scattering of light by particles in a colloid.
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17
What is the impact of ion pairing in electrolyte solutions?
It reduces the number of particles counted in solution, impacting colligative properties.
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18
What is an example of a colloid?
Whipped cream (foam) or milk (emulsion).
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19
How can a colloid be destroyed?
By heating or adding an electrolyte.
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20

How do you calculate the number of moles from Molarity (M)?

Number of moles = Molarity (M) × liters of solution.

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21

How can you find the mass of solute using mass percent?

Mass of solute = (Mass percent / 100) × mass of solution.

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22

How do you convert moles of solute to mass?

Mass of solute = moles of solute × molar mass of solute.

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23

In a solution with a known mole fraction, how can you find the moles of component A?

Moles of component A = mole fraction (XA) × total moles of solution.

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24

What is the process to find molality if you have moles of solute and kg of solvent?

Molality (m) = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent.

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25

How do you determine the vapor pressure of a solution using Raoult's Law?

Vapor pressure of solution = mole fraction of solvent × vapor pressure of pure solvent.

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26

How do you calculate the boiling point elevation using colligative properties?

Boiling point elevation = i × Kb × molality (m).

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27

How to find the solubility of a gas at a certain pressure using Henry's Law?

Solubility = kH × pressure of gas above the solution.

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28

What is the method to calculate the new boiling point when adding a nonvolatile solute?

New boiling point = boiling point of pure solvent + boiling point elevation.

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