9e_Chapter11-bbb

What is the formula for calculating Molarity (M)?

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution

What is the formula for Mass (weight) percent?

Mass (weight) percent = (mass of solute / mass of solution) × 100%

What is the mole fraction formula for component A?

Mole fraction (XA) = moles of A / total moles of solution

What is the formula for Molality (m)?

Molality (m) = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent

What are the steps in the dissolving process?

1) Separating the solute into individual components; 2) Overcoming intermolecular forces in the solvent; 3) Allowing solute and solvent to interact.

Identify the type of solute and solvent in carbonated water.

Solute: Gas (CO2), Solvent: Liquid (water)

What occurs during step 3 of the dissolving process?

Step 3 usually releases energy and is often exothermic.

What law relates the vapor pressure of a solution to its components?

Raoult's Law.

Define colligative properties.

Properties that depend only on the number of solute particles, not their identity.

How does the presence of a nonvolatile solute affect vapor pressure?

It lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent.

What happens to the boiling point of a solvent when a nonvolatile solute is added?

The boiling point of the solvent increases.

What factor does Henry’s law describe regarding gas solubility?

The amount of gas dissolved is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution.

What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of most solids in water?

The solubility usually increases with temperature.

What happens to the solubility of a gas in solvent as temperature increases?

It typically decreases.

What is the van’t Hoff factor for NaCl?

i = 2 (assuming complete dissociation).

What is the Tyndall effect?

The scattering of light by particles in a colloid.

What is the impact of ion pairing in electrolyte solutions?

It reduces the number of particles counted in solution, impacting colligative properties.

What is an example of a colloid?

Whipped cream (foam) or milk (emulsion).

How can a colloid be destroyed?

By heating or adding an electrolyte.

How do you calculate the number of moles from Molarity (M)?

Number of moles = Molarity (M) × liters of solution.

How can you find the mass of solute using mass percent?

Mass of solute = (Mass percent / 100) × mass of solution.

How do you convert moles of solute to mass?

Mass of solute = moles of solute × molar mass of solute.

In a solution with a known mole fraction, how can you find the moles of component A?

Moles of component A = mole fraction (XA) × total moles of solution.

What is the process to find molality if you have moles of solute and kg of solvent?

Molality (m) = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent.

How do you determine the vapor pressure of a solution using Raoult's Law?

Vapor pressure of solution = mole fraction of solvent × vapor pressure of pure solvent.

How do you calculate the boiling point elevation using colligative properties?

Boiling point elevation = i × Kb × molality (m).

How to find the solubility of a gas at a certain pressure using Henry's Law?

Solubility = kH × pressure of gas above the solution.

What is the method to calculate the new boiling point when adding a nonvolatile solute?

New boiling point = boiling point of pure solvent + boiling point elevation.